Biennial analysis of probable permafrost distribution for Kullu district, North‐west Himalaya using Landsat 8 satellite data

Abstract

Climate change and increased anthropogenic activity affect permafrost distribution, threatening ecosystem stability, water resources, and greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we present updated probable permafrost maps at 30 m resolution for Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh derived from the predicted mean annual air temperature (MAAT) (2013 to 2020) based on Landsat 8 land surface temperature (LST). We also analysed the mean annual snow cover extent of the study area for this time period. Our probable permafrost distribution map shows the areas falling under permafrost regions in snow‐covered areas; permafrost regions in non‐snow‐covered areas; non permafrost regions along with glacierised regions. The temporal variation of permafrost over 7 years from 2013 to 2020 shows that permafrost distribution follows a cyclic variation ranging between 4.42% and 7.51% of the total area of the district. The permafrost maps were validated with the presence of rock glaciers as seen on high resolution satellite images and the ground photographs. The maps display the expected spatial pattern of near‐surface air temperatures that match with the known permafrost boundary. The findings of this study provide more precise information on permafrost distribution and essential data for future permafrost research in Kullu district.