“…Therefore, efforts have been made to improve the prediction capability by incorporating more versatile elastoplastic constitutive models, including nonnormality, noncoaxial, sub-loading surface model and other extensions, 1,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] of which the noncoaxial plastic models may be the most successful. [20][21][22][23]27 Hypoplastic constitutive models, as an alternative to elastoplastic models, have aroused increasing interests recently. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Some beneficial features of hypoplastic constitutive models include simple formulation, fewer parameters, non-linear behaviour before failure and smooth transition from contractancy to dilatancy.…”