“…In-plane vibration characteristics of the radial tire, such as the vertical vibration (Wu et al., 2017) of the tire, inclusive characteristics (Stojic et al., 2017), and rolling resistance (Miège and Popov, 2005), directly affect the ride comfort of vehicle, acoustic noise, power performance, and fuel economy. Because of the extremely complex structure, material nonlinearity, and geometrical nonlinearity of heavy-loaded radial tires, the analytical characteristics of in-plane testing and modeling belongs to one of the difficult areas of vehicle dynamics research.…”