Big batteries on wheels: converting diesel trains to battery electric can provide significant economic, environmental, and grid resilience benefits

Abstract

Nearly all locomotives in the U.S. are propelled by an electric drive that is powered by a diesel generator, the air pollution from which contributes to more than 1,000 premature deaths every year. Dramatic improvements in battery technology plus access to cheap renewable electricity open the possibility of battery-electric rail. Given that locomotives already have an electric drive, converting them to battery-electric primarily requires a battery car, which can be connected directly to the drivetrain. We examine the case for a battery-electric U.S. freight rail sector and find that one heavy-duty battery car can power a typical locomotive for 450 miles, three times the average daily distance travelled by U.S. freight trains. We find that battery-electric trains can achieve cost parity with diesel trains with electricity charging costs under 6 cents/kWh. We illustrate how these costs can be achieved with access to wholesale electricity rates. Converting the fleet to battery-electric would remove 37 million metric tons of carbon dioxide and generate total sector cost savings of $250 billion over 20 years, while introducing 238 GWh of mobile batteries that could address location-specific grid constraints during extreme events.

Validation of a Lumped Parameter Model of the Battery Thermal Management System of a Hybrid Train by Means of Ultrasonic Clamp-On Flow Sensor Measurements and Hydronic Optimization

“…Unlike other sectors, such as automotive and aerospace, where it is by now consolidated, battery-based electric powertrain in the railway field is still in the embryonic stage. Only in recent years, due to the Sustainable and Smart Mobility strategy [ 21 ] that is encouraged by the EU and other countries, researchers and big players are developing a program that involves removing diesel engines and replacing them with a battery-based electric powertrain to operate on non-electrified lines [ 3 , 22 , 23 ]. Those systems must be correctly controlled in terms of temperature, especially the battery pack.…”