Liouville quantum gravity (LQG) surfaces are a family of random fractal surfaces which can be thought of as the canonical models of random two-dimensional Riemannian manifolds, in the same sense that Brownian motion is the canonical model of a random path. LQG surfaces are the continuum limits of discrete random surfaces called random planar maps. In this expository article, we discuss the definition of random planar maps and LQG, the sense in which random planar maps converge to LQG, and the motivations for studying these objects. We also mention several open problems. We do not assume any background knowledge beyond that of a second-year mathematics graduate student.What is the most natural way of choosing a random surface (two-dimensional Riemannian manifold)? If we are given a finite set X, the easiest way to choose a random element of X is uniformly, i.e., by assigning equal probability to each element of X. More generally, if we are given a set X ⊂ R n with finite, positive Lebesgue measure, the simplest way of choosing a random element of X is by sampling from Lebesgue measure normalized to have total mass one. However, the space of all surfaces is infinite dimensional for any reasonable notion of dimension, so it is not immediately obvious whether there is a canonical way of choosing a random surface.Nevertheless, there is a class of canonical models of "random surfaces" called Liouville quantum gravity (LQG) surfaces. The reason for the quotations is that LQG surfaces are not Riemannian manifolds in the literal sense since they are too singular to admit a smooth structure. Instead, LQG surfaces are defined as random topological surfaces equipped with a measure, a metric, and a conformal structure. These surfaces are fractal in the sense that the Hausdorff dimension of an LQG surface, viewed as a metric space, is strictly bigger than 2.LQG surfaces have a rich geometric structure which is still not fully understood (see Section 4). Furthermore, such surfaces are important in statistical mechanics, string theory, and conformal field theory and have deep connections to other mathematical objects such as Schramm-Loewner evolution [Sch00] (see, e.g., [She16a]), random matrix theory (see, e.g., [Web15]), and random planar maps.
Discrete random surfacesBefore we discuss random surfaces, let us first, by way of analogy, consider the simpler problem of finding a canonical way to choose a random curve in the plane. As in the case of surfaces, the space of all planar curves is infinite-dimensional and does not admit a canonical probability measure in an obvious way. To get around this, we discretize the problem. Let us consider for each n ∈ N the set of all nearest-neighbor paths in the integer lattice Z 2 with n steps. This is a finite set (of cardinality 4 n ), so we can choose a uniformly random element S n from it. This discrete random path S n is called the simple random walk.By linearly interpolating, we may view S n as a curve from [0, n] to R 2 . There is a classical theorem in probability due to Donsker wh...