“…Furthermore, a real-world study found a significant reduction of depressive symptoms in patients suffering from TRD after receiving esketamine nasal spray (5). Apart from antidepressant medication, strategies such as vagus nerve stimulation (6), electroconvulsive therapy (7,8), transcranial alternating current stimulation (9), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [e.g., deep TMS (10), accelerated TMS (11), intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) (12), accelerated iTBS (13), bilateral TBS (14), and continuation TBS (15)], have been developed as a nonpharmacological alternative for the treatment of MDD.…”