Bile acid patterns in commercially available oxgall powders used for the evaluation of the bile tolerance ability of potential probiotics

Hu, Peng-Li; Yuan, Yahong; Yue, Tianli; Guo, Chunfeng

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192964

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Consequently, when evaluating the potential use of LAB as a probiotic, it is important to evaluate their ability to tolerate bile salts [ 40 ]. The average concentration of bile salts in the small intestine is around 0.2 to 0.3% and may go up to 2% ( w / v ), depending upon the individual host and the type and amount of food ingested [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Characterization of Indigenous Probiotic Strains Isolated from Colombian Creole Pigs

Betancur

Martínez

Téllez-Isaías

et al. 2020

Animals

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Three lactic acid strains were isolated from feces of the native Zungo Pelado breed of pigs (n = 5) and presumably identified as belonging to the Lactobacillaceae family by morphological techniques showing that they were Gram-positive/rod-shaped and catalase- and oxidase-negative. They were then identified by biochemical tests using API 50CHL as Lactobacillus plantarum (CAM6), Lactobacillus brevis (CAM7), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (CL4). However, 16S rRNA identification showed that all three strains were Lactobacillus plantarum. Additionally, all three isolates were able to grow in pH 3 and 4. Interestingly, the growth of the CAM7 strain decreased at pH 5.6 compared to that of the CAM6 strain (p < 0.05), and the growth of the CL4 strain was reduced at pH 7(p < 0.05). All three candidates showed good growth on bile salts (≥0.15%), and CAM6 and CAM7 showed better tolerance at higher concentrations (0.30%). Similarly, all strains tolerated sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations from 2 to 10%. These strains also grew well at all temperatures tested (30, 37, and 42 °C). The CAM6 strain showed in vitro antibacterial activity against selected enteropathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli strain NBRC 102203 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium 4.5.12) and commensal bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BAA-1705D-5 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442) and resistance to all antibiotics except amoxicillin. Further studies to evaluate the effects of these probiotic candidate strains in commercial pigs are currently underway.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Characterization of Indigenous Probiotic Strains Isolated from Colombian Creole Pigs

Betancur

Martínez

Téllez-Isaías

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…Transcriptome analysis and inhibition test of isoprenoid production and membrane transporters were performed at the concentration of 0.1% ox-bile because ox-bile inhibited the growth of A. muciniphila in a dose-dependent manner and 0.1% ox-bile has a weak inhibitory effect. In addition, the cultures with a concentration of 0.1% bile acids could influence gene expression of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 and is within the range of physiological concentration in the gastrointestinal tract (Bron et al 2004;Hu et al 2018).…”

Section: The Effect Of Bile Acids On the Growth Of A Muciniphilamentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of bile acids on the growth and global gene expression profiles in Akkermansia muciniphila

Hagi

Geerlings

Nijsse

et al. 2020

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Akkermansia muciniphila is a prominent member of the gut microbiota and the organism gets exposed to bile acids within this niche. Several gut bacteria have bile response genes to metabolize bile acids or an ability to change their membrane structure to prevent membrane damage from bile acids. To understand the response to bile acids and how A. muciniphila can persist in the gut, we studied the effect of bile acids and individual bile salts on growth. In addition, the change in gene expression under ox-bile condition was studied. The growth of A. muciniphila was inhibited by ox-bile and the bile salts mixture. Individual bile salts have differential effects on the growth. Although most bile salts inhibited the growth of A. muciniphila, an increased growth was observed under culture conditions with sodium deoxycholate. Zaragozic acid A, which is a squalene synthase inhibitor leading to changes in the membrane structure, increased the susceptibility of A. muciniphila to bile acids. Transcriptome analysis showed that gene clusters associated with an ABC transporter and RND transporter were upregulated in the presence of ox-bile. In contrast, a gene cluster containing a potassium transporter was downregulated. Membrane transporter inhibitors also decreased the tolerance to bile acids of A. muciniphila. Our results indicated that membrane transporters and the squalene-associated membrane structure could be major bile response systems required for bile tolerance in A. muciniphila. Key points • The growth of Akkermansia muciniphila was inhibited by most bile salts. • Sodium deoxycholate increased the growth of A. muciniphila. • The genes encoding transporters and hopanoid synthesis were upregulated by ox-bile. • The inhibitors of transporters and hopanoid synthesis reduced ox-bile tolerance.

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“…In order to quantify intracellular bile acid, 10 ml of nisin-induced culture was collected and suspended in 1 ml of GM17 containing 0.85 mol•ml Ϫ1 bile acid. The total bile acid contents in GM17 before and after 1 h of incubation were determined enzymatically with a commercial kit from Jiancheng Institute of Biotechnology (Nanjing, China), as described previously (44). The bile acid content inside each cell was normalized to total cell numbers after bile stress treatment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The MarR Family Regulator BmrR Is Involved in Bile Tolerance of Bifidobacterium longum BBMN68 via Controlling the Expression of an ABC Transporter

Zhai

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In order to colonize the human gastrointestinal tract and exert their beneficial effects, bifidobacteria must effectively cope with toxic bile salts in the intestine; however, the molecular mechanism underlying bile tolerance is poorly understood. In this study, heterologous expression of a MarR family transcriptional regulator, BmrR, significantly reduced the ox bile resistance ofLactococcus lactisNZ9000, suggesting that BmrR might play a role in the bile stress response.In silicoanalysis combined with reverse transcription-PCR assays demonstrated thatbmrRwas cotranscribed withbmrAandbmrB, which encoded multidrug resistance (MDR) ABC transporters. Promoter prediction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that BmrR could autoregulate thebmrRABoperon by binding to thebmrbox (ATTGTTG-6nt-CAACAAT) in the promoter region. Moreover, heterologous expression ofbmrAandbmrBinL. lactisyielded 20.77-fold higher tolerance to 0.10% ox bile, compared to the wild-type strain. In addition, ox bile could disrupt the DNA binding activity of BmrR as a ligand. Taken together, our findings indicate that thebmrRABoperon is autoregulated by the transcriptional regulator BmrR and ox bile serves as an inducer to activate the bile efflux transporter BmrAB in response to bile stress inBifidobacterium longumBBMN68.IMPORTANCEBifidobacteria are natural inhabitants of the human intestinal tract. Some bifidobacterial strains are used as probiotics in fermented dairy production because of their health-promoting effects. Following consumption, bifidobacteria colonize the lower intestinal tract, where the concentrations of bile salts remain nearly 0.05% to 2.0%. Bile salts, as detergent-like antimicrobial compounds, can cause cellular membrane disruption, protein misfolding, and DNA damage. Therefore, tolerance to physiological bile stress is indeed essential for bifidobacteria to survive and to exert probiotic effects in the gastrointestinal tract. InB. longumBBMN68, the MarR-type regulator BmrR was involved in the bile stress response by autoregulating thebmrRABoperon, and ox bile as an inducer could increase the expression of the BmrAB transporter to enhance the bile tolerance of BBMN68. Our study represents a functional analysis of thebmrRABoperon in the bile stress response, which will provide new insights into bile tolerance mechanisms inBifidobacteriumand other bacteria.

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Bile acid patterns in commercially available oxgall powders used for the evaluation of the bile tolerance ability of potential probiotics

Cited by 33 publications

References 35 publications

In Vitro Characterization of Indigenous Probiotic Strains Isolated from Colombian Creole Pigs

In Vitro Characterization of Indigenous Probiotic Strains Isolated from Colombian Creole Pigs

The effect of bile acids on the growth and global gene expression profiles in Akkermansia muciniphila

The MarR Family Regulator BmrR Is Involved in Bile Tolerance of Bifidobacterium longum BBMN68 via Controlling the Expression of an ABC Transporter

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