Bile Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Three Species of Fish from the Severn Estuary

Ruddock, P. J.; Bird, D. J.; McCalley, David V.

doi:10.1006/eesa.2001.2131

Cited by 58 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This trend is in accordance with Ruddok, Bird, and McCalley (2002) finding higher levels of bile metabolites in eels sampled at the beginning of the year when the metabolism of this species is slower; fish do not regularly feed in this period and metabolites accumulated in the bile become further concentrated due to resorbtion of water occurring across the wall of the gallbladder (Ariese, Kok, Verkaik, Gooijer, Velthorst, & Hofstraat, 1993).…”

supporting

confidence: 89%

Induction of cytochrome P4501A and biliary PAH metabolites in European eel Anguilla anguilla: Seasonal, dose- and time-response variability in field and laboratory conditions

Gorbi

Regoli

2004

Marine Environmental Research

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supporting

confidence: 89%

Induction of cytochrome P4501A and biliary PAH metabolites in European eel Anguilla anguilla: Seasonal, dose- and time-response variability in field and laboratory conditions

Gorbi

Regoli

2004

Marine Environmental Research

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“…In these experiments, we pooled two gallbladders prior to extraction representing approximately 6 μL bile. With less sensitive methods, bile from more fish would be need, or the studies would have to be limited to bigger fish with more bile which are more difficult to maintain in the laboratory or expose to BaP [30,38].…”

Section: Application For Fish Bilementioning

confidence: 99%

“…High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been widely used for the analysis of drug or environmental contaminant metabolites, including BaP metabolites [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], for the last several decades. In the 1970's, HPLC was used for separating BaP metabolites [25][26][27] combined with UV or scintillation counter detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1984, Krahn et al developed a method of biliary PAH quantitation by measuring fluorescence at 380/430 nm excitation/emission to detect "BaP-like" metabolites [28]. This method has been widely accepted as a sensitive and predictable method to detect and monitor PAH contamination [29][30][31][32]. However BaP diones, do not exhibit fluorescence, and the method does not quantitate individual metabolites prohibiting the application of fluorescence detection for a detailed study of BaP metabolism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous determination of benzo[a]pyrene and eight of its metabolites in Fundulus heteroclitus bile using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry

Zhu

Thornton

et al. 2008

Journal of Chromatography B

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A sensitive and fast method was developed to quantitate the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and eight of its oxidized metabolites by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupling with mass spectrometry (MS). The UPLC method, using an acetonitrile:water gradient as a mobile phase, provided baseline separation of the BaP metabolites including three BaP diones. Linearity of detection was in the range of 0.2 to 5.0 ng/μL, and limits of detection (LODs) were lower than 0.01 ng/μL for BaP and all of the metabolites except BaP tetrol. In order to test this method in environmentally relevant samples, we exposed the small fish Fundulus heteroclitus to BaP and quantitated biliary BaP metabolites. Extraction recovery of all compounds varied from 65.4 ± 21.3% to 92.4 ± 3.0%. In exposed fish bile, the BaP diones, BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol, and 3-hydroxy BaP metabolites predominated, existing mainly as glucuronic acid conjugates. This UPLC-MS method will be useful for further defining the roles of cytochrome P450s with both in vivo and in vitro models in the understanding of the mechanisms of metabolic activation and detoxification of BaP.

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“…The carcinogenic activities of these compounds is related to the conversion of ingested nonpolar PAHs to more water soluble hydroxy-derivatives by living organisms; once formed it is possible for these metabolites to covalently bind to cellular DNA potentially causing permanent mutations to occur. The urinary concentration of the major metabolite of pyrene, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) [5], has been shown to exhibit a good relationship with PAH exposure in a range of organisms, and as a result, has been used as a biomarker in a number of studies to monitor human occupational exposure to PAHs [2, 3, 6 -9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltammetric Determination of Urinary 1‐Hydroxypyrene Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer‐Modified Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes

et al. 2005

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A two step non-competitive affinity method for the trace determination of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) using a disposable molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (MIP-SPCE) has been developed. The MIP was synthesized according to a novel strategy, which is described, and is capable of rebinding the phenolic analyte, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), from high pH aqueous organic media, via ionic interactions. In the first step of our method 1-OHP was accumulated at the MIP-SPCE from 35% aqueous methanol containing 0.014 M NaOH and 0.14 M NaCl, at open circuit. In the second step, the resulting SPCE with accumulated 1-OHP was then transferred to fresh, clean phosphate buffered aqueous methanol, and subjected to cyclic voltammetry (CV) or differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The latter technique proved to be more sensitive at detecting 1-OHP, with a limit of detection of 182 nM and a linear range to 125 mM on unmodified electrodes. The possible effects of interference by related phenolic compounds in the MIP-SPCE of 1-OHP were investigated. Finally the method was evaluated by carrying out 1-OHP determinations on spiked human urine samples; the recovery of 1-OHP was 79.4% and the coefficient of variation was found to be 7.7% (n ¼ 4) using a separate MIP-SPCE for each determination. Therefore, the performance data suggests that the method is reliable at the concentrations examined in this study. The method was found to be superior to the direct determination of 1-OHP in human urine by DPV alone, which was greatly affected by interference from uric acid.

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Bile Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Three Species of Fish from the Severn Estuary

Cited by 58 publications

References 34 publications

Induction of cytochrome P4501A and biliary PAH metabolites in European eel Anguilla anguilla: Seasonal, dose- and time-response variability in field and laboratory conditions

Induction of cytochrome P4501A and biliary PAH metabolites in European eel Anguilla anguilla: Seasonal, dose- and time-response variability in field and laboratory conditions

Simultaneous determination of benzo[a]pyrene and eight of its metabolites in Fundulus heteroclitus bile using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry

Voltammetric Determination of Urinary 1‐Hydroxypyrene Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer‐Modified Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes

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