Bile Salt Hydrolase-Competent Probiotics in the Management of IBD: Unlocking the “Bile Acid Code”

Abstract

Bile acid (BA) species and the gut microbiota (GM) contribute to intestinal mucosa homeostasis. BAs shape the GM and, conversely, intestinal bacteria with bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity modulate the BA pool composition. The mutual interaction between BAs and intestinal microorganisms also influences mucosal barrier integrity, which is important for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis, prevention and therapy. High levels of secondary BAs are detrimental for the intestinal barrier and increase the intestinal inflammatory response and dysbiosis. Additionally, a lack of BSH-active bacteria plays a role in intestinal inflammation and BA dysmetabolism. Thus, BSH-competent bacteria in probiotic formulations are being actively studied in IBD. At the same time, studies exploring the modulation of the master regulator of BA homeostasis, the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), in intestinal inflammation and how this impacts the GM are gaining significant momentum. Overall, the choice of probiotic supplementation should be a peculiar issue of personalized medicine, considering not only the disease but also the specific BA and metabolic signatures of a given patient.

bsh1 Gene of Lactobacillus plantarum AR113 Plays an Important Role in Ameliorating Western Diet-Aggravated Colitis

“…Dietary supplementation with probiotics was demonstrated to modify the hosts’ BA pool and their metabolism. In fact, BSH-dependent BA debinding reduced the recycling of BAs and promoted their de novo synthesis, thereby reducing serum cholesterol levels . Jones et al found that BSH-competent bacteria in probiotic formulations changed the composition of BA and reduced serum cholesterol levels .…”

“…Currently, probiotics containing active BSH strains are being used clinically in patients with IBD, enteritis, and diarrhea and may also be associated with patients with leaky gut secondary to liver disease (e.g., intrahepatic cholestasis) or colorectal cancer . So, tools that target BSH activity in microorganisms and intestinal flora are also particularly important .…”

The central role of the gut in intensive care

“…BAs aid in the absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine [ 92 , 93 ] and act as signaling molecules by binding to the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein­coupled bile acid receptor 1 [ 94 ]. This triggers molecular events impacting their own hepatic synthesis(via the action of the FXR-FGF19 duo) and glucose and lipid homeostasis [ 94 ].…”

“…BAs aid in the absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine [ 92 , 93 ] and act as signaling molecules by binding to the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein­coupled bile acid receptor 1 [ 94 ]. This triggers molecular events impacting their own hepatic synthesis(via the action of the FXR-FGF19 duo) and glucose and lipid homeostasis [ 94 ]. As BAs and GM communicate with each other, disrupting this delicate balance can lead to intestinal barrier impairment, inflammation, and even contribute to cancer onset and development.…”

Crosstalk between the Gut and Brain in Ischemic Stroke: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Options

“…BAs have been demonstrated to modulate systemic lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and cholesterol as well as immune homeostasis through the interaction of these amphiphilic molecules with membrane and nuclear receptors, including farnesoid X receptors (FXRs) and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) [ 103 ]. The main bacterial species in the gut, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium taxa, express the enzyme bile salt hydrolase (BSH), which deconjugates BAs from glycine and taurine [ 104 ]. According to research, intestinal inflammation [ 105 ], metabolic disorders such as diabetes [ 106 ], and cardiovascular disease [ 107 ] are pathologically determined by gut microorganisms and abundant BSH genes.…”