Bilevel dynamic continuum model for housing allocation and transportation emission problems in an urban city

Bilevel optimization of a housing allocation and traffic emission problem in a predictive dynamic continuum transportation system

“…On the other hand, the resulting travel patterns and disutilities will in turn affect future land-use designs. This reciprocal relationship was first demonstrated in Washington, D.C. (Hansen, 1959) and has since been accepted worldwide and used as the basis for many transportation and land-use models (Giuliano, 1989, Lin et al, 2021, Yin et al, 2017. Of these, the model proposed by Lowry (1964) was most influential, as it was the first analytical tool to consider the land-use and transportation feedback cycle.…”

“…Although governments make policies, the effectiveness of the policies depends on the actions of the citizens, who choose their housing locations and influence the traffic demand. Given this characteristic, bilevel optimization models have been widely adopted to study these types of problem, such as housing allocation (Boyce & Mattsson, 1999;Lin et al, 2021;Yin et al, 2017), highway road pricing (labbé et al, 1998), and ship air emissions (Qi et al, 2021). In these bilevel models, the lower level subprogram is a traffic equilibrium problem that provides the network conditions (e.g., travel time) to the upper level subprogram, which addresses the housing allocation, such that the planning objectives are optimized (e.g., total disutility of travelers is minimized).…”