“…In several groups of snakes (boids, colubrids, elapids and viperids), developmental stages of C serpentis have been associated with the microvillus borders of the gastric mucosa, gall bladder and bile ducts (Brownstein and others 1977, Cranfield and Graczyk 1994, Cimon and others 1996). Infections with C serpentis may be asymptomatic, and infected animals may excrete oocysts in their faeces for years without showing clinical signs (Cranfield and Graczyk 1995).…”