“…This situation has raised the interest of many researchers around the world, who have investigated it from various perspectives, such as exploring students' perception, satisfaction and evaluation of online learning (Peimani and Kamalipour, 2021b;Koh and Wong, 2021;Ceylan et al, 2021;Asadpour, 2021;Bakir and Alsaadani, 2022;Komarzy nska-Swie sciak et al, 2021;Alkhalil et al, 2021;Alnusairat et al, 2021;Elrawy and Abouelmagd, 2021); solving the challenges due to COVID-19 and proposing guidelines (Leon et al, 2021;G€ uler, 2022;Dennis, 2021); developing virtual reality (VR) approaches for education (Wu et al, 2021;Xi and Cong, 2022) and identifying facilitators and barriers for the adoption of online AE (Tandon et al, 2021). Most previous studies involved individual cases or a single country (e.g.…”