Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM)

Shenar, T.; Bodensteiner, J.; Sana, H.; Crowther, P. A.; Lennon, D. J.; Abdul-Masih, M.; Almeida, L. A.; Backs, F.; Berlanas, S. R.; Bernini-Peron, M.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Bowman, D. M.; Bronner, V. A.; Britavskiy, N.; de Koter, A.; de Mink, S. E.; Deshmukh, K.; Evans, C. J.; Fabry, M.; Gieles, M.; Gilkis, A.; González-Torà, G.; Gräfener, G.; Götberg, Y.; Hawcroft, C.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Holgado, G.; Janssens, S.; Johnston, C.; Josiek, J.; Justham, S.; Kalari, V. M.; Katabi, Z. Z.; Keszthelyi, Z.; Klencki, J.; Kubát, J.; Kubátová, B.; Langer, N.; Lefever, R. R.; Ludwig, B.; Mackey, J.; Mahy, L.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Mandel, I.; Maravelias, G.; Marchant, P.; Menon, A.; Najarro, F.; Oskinova, L. M.; O’Grady, A. J. G.; Ovadia, R.; Patrick, L. R.; Pauli, D.; Pawlak, M.; Ramachandran, V.; Renzo, M.; Rocha, D. F.; Sander, A. A. C.; Sayada, T.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Schootemeijer, A.; Schösser, E. C.; Schürmann, C.; Sen, K.; Shahaf, S.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Stoop, M.; Toonen, S.; Tramper, F.; van Loon, J. Th.; Valli, R.; van Son, L. A. C.; Vigna-Gómez, A.; Villaseñor, J. I.; Vink, J. S.; Wang, C.; Willcox, R.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451586

A&A

2024

DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202451586

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Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM)

T. Shenar,

J. Bodensteiner,

H. Sana

et al.

Abstract: Surveys in the Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud have revealed that the majority of massive stars will interact with companions during their lives. However, knowledge of the binary properties of massive stars at low metallicity, and therefore in conditions approaching those of the Early Universe, remain sparse. We present the Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign, an ESO large programme designed to obtain 25 epochs of spectroscopy for 929 massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, allowing us to pr… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications

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Photometric detection of internal gravity waves in upper main-sequence stars

Bowman,

Van Daele,

Michielsen

et al. 2024

A&A

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Massive main-sequence stars have convective cores and radiative envelopes, but can also have sub-surface convection zones caused by partial ionisation zones. However, the convective properties of such regions strongly depend on opacity and therefore a star's metallicity. Non-rotating 1D evolution models of main-sequence stars between $7 M odot $ and metallicity of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) galaxy suggest tenuous (if any) sub-surface convection zones when using the Rayleigh number as a criterion for convection owing to their substantially lower metallicity compared to Galactic massive stars. We test if massive stars of different metallicities both inside and outside of asteroseismically calibrated stability windows for sub-surface convection exhibit different properties in stochastic low-frequency (SLF) variability. Thus we aim to constrain the metallicity dependence of the physical mechanism responsible for SLF variability commonly found in light curves of massive stars. We extract customised light curves from the ongoing NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission for a sample of massive stars using an effective point spread function (ePSF) method, and compare their morphologies in terms of characteristic frequency, $ char $, and amplitude using a Gaussian process (GP) regression methodology. We demonstrate that the properties of SLF variability observed in time-series photometry of massive stars are generally consistent across the metallicity range from the Milky Way down to the SMC galaxy, for stars both inside and outside of the sub-surface stability windows based on the Rayleigh number as a criterion for convection. We conclude that non-rotating 1D stellar structure models of sub-surface convection cannot alone be used to explain the mechanism giving rise to SLF variability in light curves of massive stars. Additionally, the similar properties of SLF variability across a large range in metallicity, which follow the same trends in mass and age in the Hertzsprung--Russell (HR) diagram at both high and low metallicity, support a transition in the dominant mechanism causing SLF variability from younger to more evolved stars. Specifically, core-excited internal gravity waves (IGWs) are favoured for younger stars lacking sub-surface convection zones, especially at low-metallicity, and sub-surface convection zones are favoured for more evolved massive stars.

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Photometric detection of internal gravity waves in upper main-sequence stars

Bowman,

Van Daele,

Michielsen

et al. 2024

A&A

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CMFGEN grids of atmosphere models for massive stars

Marcolino,

Bouret,

Martins

et al. 2024

A&A

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Context. Large spectroscopic surveys of individual massive stars, such as ULLYSES and XShootU, provide observational data for hundreds of massive stars. Their analysis requires large numbers of synthetic spectra so that stellar parameters can be determined. In addition, libraries of massive stars’ spectra are needed to produce population synthesis models able to reproduce the observed spectra of unresolved young stellar populations, such as those revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in the early Universe. Aims. Our main goal is to provide an extensive library of synthetic spectra and spectral energy distributions of OB stars at metallicities of the Magellanic Clouds. This library will offer a wealth of spectrophotometric information, making it readily applicable to a variety of astrophysical problems. Methods. We used the CMFGEN code to calculate 606 NLTE, line-blanketed, expanding atmosphere models using a comprehensive set of atomic data. An overall metallicity of 1/2 Z⊙ and 1/5 Z⊙ was adopted for the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), respectively. We produced high-resolution spectra from 30 Å to 3 µm for stars on the Main Sequence and slightly beyond. Results. We provide spectral energy distributions, normalized synthetic spectra, ionizing fluxes, and photometry in various bands: Johnson UBV, Cousins RI, Bessel JHK, selected wide JWST filters, Gaia, and LSST ugrizy filters. For each of these filters, we compute bolometric corrections for all synthetic spectra and calibrations as a function of effective temperature. Conclusions. All of our synthetic spectra are publicly available through the POLLUX database, aiming to expedite multiwavelength analyses of massive stars in low metallicity environments.

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UVIT Study of the MAgellanic Clouds (U-SMAC). II. A Far-UV Catalog of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Morphology and Kinematics of Young Stellar Population

Hota,

Subramaniam,

Nayak

et al. 2024

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The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is an irregular dwarf galaxy that has recently undergone an interaction with the Large Magellanic Cloud. The young massive stars in the SMC formed in the disturbed low-metallicity environment are important targets in astrophysics. We present a catalog of ∼76,800 far-ultraviolet (FUV) sources toward the SMC detected using the Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope onboard AstroSat. We created an FUV catalog with ∼62,900 probable SMC members which predominantly comprise main-sequence, giant, and subgiant stars. We selected four young populations (Young 1, Young 2, Young 3, and Blue Loop (BL) stars) identified from the Gaia optical color–magnitude diagram to study the morphology and kinematics of the young SMC using this catalog. We detect a clumpy morphology with a broken bar, a shell-like structure, and the inner SMC Wing for the four stellar populations. The eastern region and the northeastern regions are mainly populated by Young 1, 2, and 3 stars. The central region predominantly has the Young 2 and 3 populations, whereas the SW has BL stars, and Young 2 and 3 stars. The 2D kinematic study using proper motion (PM) reveals that Young 2 and 3 populations show two kinematically distinct subpopulations with low and high PM dispersion, whereas the Young 1 and BL stars show two kinematically distinct populations with low dispersion. Our analysis points to a kinematic disturbance along the R.A. direction for stars younger than ∼150 Myr located in the eastern region, with no significant disturbance along the decl.

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Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM)

Cited by 3 publications

References 187 publications

Photometric detection of internal gravity waves in upper main-sequence stars

Photometric detection of internal gravity waves in upper main-sequence stars

CMFGEN grids of atmosphere models for massive stars

UVIT Study of the MAgellanic Clouds (U-SMAC). II. A Far-UV Catalog of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Morphology and Kinematics of Young Stellar Population

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