Binary Effects of Gynostemma Gold Nanoparticles on Obesity and Inflammation via Downregulation of PPARγ/CEPBα and TNF-α Gene Expression

Abstract

Nanoscience is a multidisciplinary skill with elucidated nanoscale particles and their advantages in applications to various fields. Owing to their economical synthesis, biocompatible nature, and widespread biomedical and environmental applications, the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using medicinal plants has become a potential research area in biomedical research and functional food formulations. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine to cure several diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM). This is the first study in which we examined the efficacy of G. pentaphyllum gold nanoparticles (GP-AuNPs) against obesity and related inflammation. GP extract was used as a capping agent to reduce Au2+ to Au0 to form stable gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by using UV–VIS spectroscopy, and TEM images were used to analyze morphology. In contrast, the existence of the functional group was measured using FTIR, and size and shape were examined using XRD analysis. In vitro analysis on GP-AuNPs was nontoxic to RAW 264.7 cells and 3T3-L1 cells up to a specific concentration. It significantly decreased lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 obese and reduced NO production in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. The significant adipogenic genes PPARγ and CEPBα and a major pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α expression were quantified using RT-PCR. The GP-AuNPs decreased the face of these genes remarkably, revealing the antiadipogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of our synthesized GP-AuNPs. This study represents thorough research on the antiobesity effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum gold nanoparticles synthesized using a green approach and the efficacy instead of related inflammatory responses.

Pomegranate juice fermented by tannin acyl hydrolase and Lactobacillus vespulae DCY75 enhance estrogen receptor expression and anti-inflammatory effect

“…Concisely, 100 μl of supernatant was mixed with 100 μl of Griess reagent. Finally, the absorbance was measured using a microplate reader (Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc.) at 540 nm ( Akter et al, 2022 ).…”

Gold nanoparticles: promising biomaterials for osteogenic/adipogenic regulation in bone repair

“…Two types of AuNPs stated before were reported to exert a negative effect on the PPARg/CEBPa signalling pathways. 27,28 P.g AuNPs strongly decreased the mRNA expression levels of various adipogenic genes engaged in the STAT3/ PPARg/CEBPa pathways and significantly decreased the levels of PPARg and CEBPa, two crucial transcriptional factors in adipogenesis. 27 Moreover, GP-AuNPs notably inhibited the PPARg and C/EBPa expression in a dose-dependent manner, thus decreasing lipid accumulation and suppressing adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells.…”

“…27 Moreover, GP-AuNPs notably inhibited the PPARg and C/EBPa expression in a dose-dependent manner, thus decreasing lipid accumulation and suppressing adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. 28 Furthermore, a previous study revealed the correlation between the PPARg gene and bone formation. 90 Chitosan AuNPs were conjugated with PPARg cDNA, and then introduced on titanium mini-implant surfaces for PPARg release to rat mandibular.…”

“…Recently, some AuNP-derived materials have been demonstrated to inhibit the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs and attenuate lipid accumulation. [26][27][28] Furthermore, AuNPs have been developed for bone repair in bone tissue engineering and their property of promoting osteogenic differentiation and osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo has been already confirmed in many studies. 29,30 Therefore, AuNPs are promising biomaterials for osteogenic/ adipogenic regulation in bone repair.…”

“…Moreover, the effect of AuNP-derived materials on cells or tissues, leading to increased osteogenesis and decreased adipogenesis was partly reported by some researchers. 27,28 Herein, we focus on the AuNP-derived materials reported to date that have been proved to play a role in osteogenic/adipogenic regulation in bone repair. All the biomaterials based on AuNPs are artificially divided into AuNPs synthesized by different methods, conjugated AuNPs and AuNPs integrated with advanced biomaterials and tissue engineering systems.…”