“…Despite many benefits above, the low precision of the binarized operations in BNNs degrades the classification ability on modern CNNs, thus limiting their applications. Improved BNN structures have been developed for reducing the gap of the classification accuracy degraded over real-valued CNNs ( Lin, Zhao & Pan, 2017 ; Liang et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2018 ; He et al, 2018 ; Zhuang et al, 2019 ; Shen et al, 2019 ; Chakraborty et al, 2019 ; Bethge et al, 2019 ; Phan et al, 2020 ; Bethge et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2020 ). Besides, new training methods and optimizing tricks for BNNs have been researched for obtaining better classification accuracy ( Alizadeh et al, 2018 ; Bulat & Tzimiropoulos, 2019 ; Zhu, Dong & Su, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Hubara et al, 2017 ; Ghasemzadeh, Samragh & Koushanfar, 2018 ; Gu et al, 2019 ; Helwegen et al, 2019 ; Ding et al, 2019 ; Martinez et al, 2020 ).…”