Binaural Beat: A Failure to Enhance EEG Power and Emotional Arousal

López‐Caballero, Fran; Escera, Carles

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00557

Cited by 45 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…PSD as a function of frequency for the three electrodes O1, O2 and Oz. A peak at6,12,18,24,30 and 36 Hz shows entrainment to the 6 Hz photic stimulation. This stimulation was given in the form of white light.…”

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confidence: 97%

“…Noise along with a subthreshold photic stimulus has previously been shown to enhance the periodicity in brainwaves via stochastic resonance [16, 17]. However, there have been contradicting reports regarding the effects of auditory stimulation on the brainwave entrainment [14, 15, 18].The auditory stimulation is conventionally given in the form of binaural beats [11][12][13][14]18] or repeating drum sounds [15]. Similarly, the photic entrainment is studied using both colored [11,12] and white light [16] LEDs flickering at a desired frequency.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Provoking predetermined aperiodic patterns in human brainwaves

Phogat

Parmananda

2018

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

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In the present work, electroencephalographic recordings of healthy human participants were performed to study the entrainment of brainwaves using a variety of stimulus. First, periodic entrainment of the brainwaves was studied using two different stimuli in the form of periodic auditory and visual signals. The entrainment with the periodic visual stimulation was consistently observed, whereas the auditory entrainment was inconclusive. Hence, a photic (Visual) stimulus, where two frequencies were presented to the subject simultaneously was used to further explore the bifrequency entrainment of human brainwaves. Subsequently, the evolution of brainwaves as a result of an aperiodic stimulation was explored, wherein an entrainment to the predetermined aperiodic pattern was observed. These results suggest that aperiodic entrainment could be used as a tool for guided modification of brainwaves. This could find possible applications in processes such as epilepsy suppression and biofeedback.Variations in the environment of a system can alter its dynamics. In this work, the phenomenon of the entrainment of human brainwaves to a predetermined aperiodic photic stimulus is presented. As a precursor, entrainment to a single frequency and a bi-frequency signal is studied. Subsequently, the presence of aperiodic entrainment was quantified using short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and by calculating the cross correlation between the STFT of the aperiodic signal and that of the observed EEG dynamics.This guided modification of brainwaves may find possible applications in suppressing some types of epilepsy and in biofeedback.Entrainment is the process of adjusting the dynamics of a system to that of an external rhythm. This is observed in a wide variety of natural as well as laboratory systems [1-6]. In mammals, entrainment of the circadian rhythms as a function of various factors such as illumination, body temperature, social cues and food availability is well documented in literature [3-6]. Another interesting observation in this field is the phenomenon of brainwave entrainment [24]. This phenomenon leads back to the initial experiments done to study the brain dynam-ics [7, 8], wherein flickering lights at different frequencies were used to study the modification of brainwaves in human as well as animal subjects. A recent interest has emerged in the entrainment of brainwaves using a variety of stimulation such as, audio-visual stimulation (AVS) or transcranial alternating current stimulation and its possible applications [9-12]. Research has also been carried out to study the individual effects of auditory [13-15] and photic [16] entrainment of the brainwaves. Noise along with a subthreshold photic stimulus has previously been shown to enhance the periodicity in brainwaves via stochastic resonance [16, 17]. However, there have been contradicting reports regarding the effects of auditory stimulation on the brainwave entrainment [14, 15, 18].The auditory stimulation is conventionally given in the form of binaural beats [11][12][13...

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confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Provoking predetermined aperiodic patterns in human brainwaves

Phogat

Parmananda

2018

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

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“…The measurement is performed based on the International 10‐20 system, and the wavelengths are classified into delta (0.5‐4 Hz), theta (4‐8 Hz), alpha (8‐13 Hz), beta (13‐30 Hz), and gamma (30‐50 Hz). Through the association between brainwave and fragrance, the effects of fragrance on mood and preference can be verified …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EEG is a universally used device for brainwave measurements and can verify the brain activity using numerous brainwaves. The measurement is performed based on the International 10-20 system, and the wavelengths are classified into delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13), beta (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30), and gamma . Through the association between brainwave and fragrance, the effects of fragrance on mood and preference can be verified.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Through the association between brainwave and fragrance, the effects of fragrance on mood and preference can be verified. [16][17][18] Currently, no official method related to the evaluation of sensory cosmetic test exists. In the cosmetic industries, it is typical to rely primarily on questionnaires to evaluate the emotional aspects of cosmetics after the product usage.…”

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Evaluation of human electroencephalogram change for sensory effects of fragrance

Park¹,

Kim²,

Oh³

et al. 2019

Skin Research and Technology

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Background The stabilizing effect of lavender and the arousal effect of peppermint essential oils are acknowledged and used widely in aromatherapy and the cosmetics industry. However, no evaluation method confirms the effects of essential oils through quantitative and objective electroencephalogram (EEG) results; instead, only a psychological and subjective method exists. Therefore, this study aims to create a new emotional cosmetic evaluation paradigm using EEG values. Moreover, it enables quantitative interpretation of the results in addition to the subjective survey outcomes. Methods For this study, 12 healthy female Korean participants were recruited and three fragrances were used. The EEG results were collected for 3 minutes (1 minute each before, during, and after inhalation of every fragrance). Results The quantitative EEG outcomes indicate changes in the participant's brainwaves before and after inhalation. Significant changes in the EEG were observed. Based on the results, the effects of fragrances were confirmed to be stabilizing for lavender, and arousing for peppermint and coffee aroma. Furthermore, the subjective questionnaire results indicate similar tendency as that of the quantitative EEG results. Conclusion In addition to psychological and subjective assessments, our emotional evaluation method can verify the cosmetic fragrance effects through quantitative and objective results.

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Effects of binaural and monaural beat stimulation on attention and EEG

Engelbregt

Barmentlo²,

Keeser

et al. 2021

Exp Brain Res

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Nowadays a popular technique to improve mood and cognition is auditory beat stimulation (ABS), which is thought to induce a frequency-following response of brainwaves. The main types of ABS are monaural beats (MB) and binaural beats (BB). BB involves the presentation of a specific frequency to one ear and another frequency to the other ear which may induce neural entrainment. A difference between the frequencies of 40 Hz is assumed to improve cognition. The present study examined the effect of 40 Hz binaural beats (BB) and monaural beats (MB) on attention and electroencephalography (EEG). A total of 25 first-year psychology students (11 males, 14 females) performed a Flanker task while EEG was recorded during the 5 min-presentation of pink noise (PN), MB and BB. With respect to attention, as measured by the Flanker task, the number of false responses in the BB condition was smaller than that in the PN condition while the number of false responses in the MB condition was larger as compared to the PN condition. As there was no association of BB with a consistent increase in absolute 40 or 45 Hz power compared to PN or MB, EEG recordings could not confirm the hypothesized neural entrainment in the brain. Overall, the current findings show that listening to 40 Hz BB improves attention but do not show the occurrence of neural entrainment. Future research is recommended to include a larger sample, to use a broader cognitive test battery and to present auditory beats with a longer duration.

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Binaural Beat: A Failure to Enhance EEG Power and Emotional Arousal

Cited by 45 publications

References 42 publications

Provoking predetermined aperiodic patterns in human brainwaves

Provoking predetermined aperiodic patterns in human brainwaves

Evaluation of human electroencephalogram change for sensory effects of fragrance

Effects of binaural and monaural beat stimulation on attention and EEG

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