Binaural Modelling and Spatial Auditory Cue Analysis of 3D-Printed Ears

Abstract

In this work, a binaural model resembling the human auditory system was built using a pair of three-dimensional (3D)-printed ears to localize a sound source in both vertical and horizontal directions. An analysis on the proposed model was firstly conducted to study the correlations between the spatial auditory cues and the 3D polar coordinate of the source. Apart from the estimation techniques via interaural and spectral cues, the property from the combined direct and reverberant energy decay curve is also introduced as part of the localization strategy. The preliminary analysis reveals that the latter provides a much more accurate distance estimation when compared to approximations via sound pressure level approach, but is alone not sufficient to disambiguate the front-rear confusions. For vertical localization, it is also shown that the elevation angle can be robustly encoded through the spectral notches. By analysing the strengths and shortcomings of each estimation method, a new algorithm is formulated to localize the sound source which is also further improved by cross-correlating the interaural and spectral cues. The proposed technique has been validated via a series of experiments where the sound source was randomly placed at 30 different locations in an outdoor environment up to a distance of 19 m. Based on the experimental and numerical evaluations, the localization performance has been significantly improved with an average error of 0.5 m from the distance estimation and a considerable reduction of total ambiguous points to 3.3%.

Cost-effective 3D scanning and printing technologies for outer ear reconstruction: current status

“…One way is to repeat the same listening test before and after the process to check whether any variation in localization can be detected. Nowadays, 3D technology allows for scanning and 3D printing of not only outer ears [143], but also of the geometry of the whole head for the same purpose [144][145][146][147]. In this case, HRTFs can be measured using binaural microphones placed at the entrance of the ear canal of the printed head.…”