Binder-Free Modification of a Glassy Carbon Electrode by Using Porous Carbon for Voltammetric Determination of Nitro Isomers

Abstract

In this study, Liquidambar formosana tree leaves have been used as a renewable biomass precursor for preparing porous carbons (PCs). The PCs were produced by pyrolysis of natural waste of leaves after 10% KOH activation under a nitrogen atmosphere and characterized by a variety of state-of-the-art techniques. The PCs possess a large surface area, micro-/mesoporosity, and functional groups on its surface. A glassy carbon electrode modified with high PCs was explored as an efficient binder-free electrocatalyst material for the voltammetric determination of nitro isomers such as 3-nitroaniline (3-NA) and 4-nitroaniline (4-NA). Under optimal experimental conditions, the electrochemical detection of 3-NA and 4-NA was found to have a wide linear range of 0.2–115.6 and 0.5–120 μM and a low detection limit of 0.0551 and 0.0326 μM, respectively, with appreciable selectivity. This route not only enhanced the benefit from biomass wastes but also reduced the cost of producing electrode materials for electrochemical sensors. Additionally, the sensor was successfully applied in the determination of nitro isomers even in the presence of other common electroactive interference and real samples analysis (beverage and pineapple jam solutions). Therefore, the proposed method is simple, rapid, stable, sensitive, specific, reproducible, and cost-effective and can be applicable for real sample detection.

3D hierarchical porous N, O co‐doped carbon derived from the waste walnut shell via one‐step carbonization for high‐performance supercapacitor

“…The walnut shells powder was mixed with C 4 H 6 N 2 , KOH and NaNO 3 , and heated at 900 °C to finish the process of carbonization of the walnut shells. The formation of the 3D honeycomb structure is similar to a previous report [43–46], the process of carbonization can be attributed to the following chemical reactions: $$$\vcenter{\openup.5em\halign{$\displaystyle{#}$\cr {\rm 9C}+{\rm 16NaNO}{_{3}}+{\rm 2C}{_{4}}{\rm H}{_{6}}{\rm N}{_{2}}\rightarrow \hfill\cr {\rm 8Na}{_{2}}{\rm CO}{_{3}}+{\rm 9CO}{_{2}}+{\rm 6H}{_{2}}{\rm O}+{\rm 10N}{_{2}}\hfill\cr}}$$$ $$$\vcenter{\openup.5em\halign{$\displaystyle{#}$\cr {\rm 6KOH}+{\rm 3C}\rightarrow {\rm 3H}{_{2}}+{\rm 3K}{_{2}}{\rm CO}{_{2}}\hfill\cr}}$$$ $$$\vcenter{\openup.5em\halign{$\displaystyle{#}$\cr {\rm 3K}{_{2}}{\rm CO}{_{3}}\rightarrow {\rm 3K}{_{2}}{\rm O}+{\rm 3CO}{_{2}}\hfill\cr}}$$$ $$$\vcenter{\openup.5em\halign{$\displaystyle{#}$\cr {\rm 2K}{_{2}}{\rm CO}{_{3}}+{\rm C}\rightarrow {\rm 4K}+{\rm 3CO}{_{2}}\hfill\cr}}$$$ $$$$…”

“…The walnut shells powder was mixed with C 4 H 6 N 2 , KOH and NaNO 3 , and heated at 900 °C to finish the process of carbonization of the walnut shells. The formation of the 3D honeycomb structure is similar to a previous report [43][44][45][46], the process of carbonization can be attributed to the following chemical reactions:…”

Research Progress on Porous Carbon Supported Metal/Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications

“…Its activation of carbon is an intricate process, leading to several mechanisms proposed in the literature; however, the actual mechanism is complicated and not well understood. The formation of the porous network by the KOH activation process has been proposed via the following equations: …”

Aminoalcohol‐functionalization of Alkali Palm Oil Fiber and Application as Electrochemical Sensor for 2‐Nitrophenol Determination

“…However, these techniques are limited due to their expensive instrument, complexity in sample preparation, time-consuming pretreatment processes and high test cost. As an alternative, the electrochemical methods have attracted enormous attentions because of their efficiency, rapidity, high sensitivity and selectivity, low detection limit, simple implementation and lower cost [5][6][7]9]. Furthermore, with the electrochemical methods, the analyses can be carried out at the sampling sites.…”