“…The aim of these studies was not just understanding the astringent effect of dietary polyphenols, but also how their binding to proteins could affect (not necessarily negatively) their biological activities, including their antioxidant action, and their bioavailability 32. 100 These studies relied on a large panoply of analytical techniques, including again NMR spectroscopy,101 as well as circular dichroism,101a,d, 102 mass spectrometry,101d, 103 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,104 dynamic light and small angle X‐ray scattering,102, 105 transmission electronic microscopy,102b, 105b calorimetry,102a, 106 equilibrium dialysis,106c, 107 size‐exclusion chromatography,108a nephelometry,108b fluorescent quenching,108c and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation 108d. Some of the most pertinent, although sometimes apparently conflicting, elements of discussion drawn from these investigations can be summarized as follows:…”