Binding of melanotropic hormones to the melanocortin receptor MC1R on human melanocytes stimulates proliferation and melanogenesis.

Suzuki, Itaru; Cone, Roger D.; Im, Sang Hee; Nordlund, James J.; Abdel‐Malek, Zalfa

doi:10.1210/endo.137.5.8612494

Cited by 270 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…POMC peptides are likely to play a major role in the regulation of skin pigmentary system [3, 76]and of cutaneous inflammation [12, 13]. ACTH and α-MSH exhibit the most significant melanogenic activity via cAMP-dependent pathways and tyrosinase activation, which is enhanced by ultraviolet light [4].…”

Section: Biological Activity Of Hormones In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their effects have long been recognized and in some instances well characterized. For example, hair follicles and sebaceous glands are the targets for androgen steroids secreted by the gonads and the adrenal cortex [1, 2]and melanocytes are directly influenced by polypeptide hormones of the pituitary [3]. However, the historical picture of the endocrine system as a set of discrete hormone-producing organs, most of them under the control of a master gland, the pituitary, has become extended and modified to the point of metamorphosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Skin: An Independent Peripheral Endocrine Organ

2000

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The historical picture of the endocrine system as a set of discrete hormone-producing organs has been substituted by organs regarded as organized communities in which the cells emit, receive and coordinate molecular signals from established endocrine organs, other distant sources, their neighbors, and themselves. In this wide sense, the human skin and its tissues are targets as well as producers of hormones. Although the role of hormones in the development of human skin and its capacity to produce and release hormones are well established, little attention has been drawn to the ability of human skin to fulfil the requirements of a classic endocrine organ. Indeed, human skin cells produce insulin-like growth factors and -binding proteins, propiomelanocortin derivatives, catecholamines, steroid hormones and vitamin D from cholesterol, retinoids from diet carotenoids, and eicosanoids from fatty acids. Hormones exert their biological effects on the skin through interaction with high-affinity receptors, such as receptors for peptide hormones, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones and thyroid hormones. In addition, the human skin is able to metabolize hormones and to activate and inactivate them. These steps are overtaken in most cases by different skin cell populations in a coordinated way indicating the endocrine autonomy of the skin. Characteristic examples are the metabolic pathways of the corticotropin-releasing hormone/propiomelanocortin axis, steroidogenesis, vitamin D, and retinoids. Hormones exhibit a wide range of biological activities on the skin, with major effects caused by growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1, neuropeptides, sex steroids, glucocorticoids, retinoids, vitamin D, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, and eicosanoids. At last, human skin produces hormones which are released in the circulation and are important for functions of the entire organism, such as sex hormones, especially in aged individuals, and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins. Therefore, the human skin fulfils all requirements for being the largest, independent peripheral endocrine organ.

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Section: Biological Activity Of Hormones In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Skin: An Independent Peripheral Endocrine Organ

2000

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“…The MC-1R was the first MC-R to be cloned by 2 independent investigative teams from cDNAs of a mouse melanoma cell line and normal human melanocytes, and from a cDNA of a human melanoma, respectively [21, 22]. The human MC-1R binds α-MSH with the highest affinity albeit ACTH has an almost equal affinity, followed by β-MSH and γ-MSH [22, 23]. In addition to pigment cells, normal human keratinocytes [24], microvascular endothelial cells [25]and human dermal fibroblasts [26;]Böhm et al, submitted] express MC-1R in vitro.…”

Section: The Skin As a Target Organ For Melanocortinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Melanocortins in Skin Homeostasis

Böhm¹,

Luger²

2000

Horm Res Paediatr

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Melanocortins are structurally related bioactive peptides which are produced by many extra-neural tissues including the skin. All of the melanocortins (α, β, and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropin) have melanotropic activity but can elicit many other effects on skin cells. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo findings melanocortins have been shown to regulate immune and inflammatory responses, hair growth, exocrine gland activity and extracellular matrix composition. These effects are mediated by melanocortin receptors among which the melanocortin-1 receptor is most ubiquitously expressed by human skin cells. Simultaneous expression of melanocortins and their receptors suggest a complex autocrine and/or paracrine regulatory network whose disruption invariably affects skin homeostasis. Expression of melanocortin receptors on various skin cell types further indicates novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of skin diseases.

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“…Furthermore, blood vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands are immunoreactive for galanin. [9,10] Galanin exerts its diverse actions via three subtypes of galanin receptors (GAL 1 , GAL 2 and GAL 3 ). GAL 2 is expressed strongly in epidermal keratinocytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%