“…Moreover, systemic immune challenge or circulating cytokines rapidly recruit dendritic cells and macrophages to the adrenal gland and increase the expression of COX-2 and PGE synthase and presumably local PGE 2 production (Engström et al, 2008). Thus, the components are in place for local modulation of chromaffin cells by PGE 2 , but previous studies present confusing and contradictory findings: PGE 2 has been reported to increase (Marley et al, 1988;Yamada et al, 1988;Yokohama et al, 1988;Karaplis et al, 1989) or decrease (Karaplis et al, 1989) adrenal catecholamine release, elevate intracellular calcium levels (Mochizuki-Oda et al, 1991;Shibuya et al, 1999), or inhibit voltage-gated calcium channels (Currie et al, 2000). In sympathetic neurons, which are closely related to chromaffin cells, PGE 2 can modulate nicotinic ACh receptors (Tan et al, 1998;Du and Role, 2001) and voltage-gated calcium channels (Ikeda, 1992).…”