The occurrence of pharmaceutical products (PPs) within environmental compartments challenges the scientific community and water treatment operators to find suitable and practicable removal solutions. Clay minerals are among the oldest and cheapest adsorbents used for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants. However, despite their significant adsorption properties, little is known about their potential to remove organic contaminants such as pharmaceutical products from wastewater effluents. Hence, based on the latest published articles this review aims to standardize the adsorption properties of clay minerals for the removal of PPs. Specifically, the charge state of PPs appears to play a key role in their adsorption mechanism. In order to overcome the limitations of batch experiments (i.e. idealized solutions, static conditions) and design of a field solution, the impact of external parameters on the adsorption capacities of clay minerals is reviewed. The effect of thermal treatment and acid activation of clay minerals is also assessed in order to better understand the consequences of such modifications on the adsorption properties of clay-based adsorbents. Finally, even if most authors agree on the potential of clay-based adsorbents for the removal of PPs from wastewater, there remain significant gaps in the existing literature that need to be filled, with the aim of forecasting the real potential of clay-based treatment for the removal of pharmaceutical products at industrial scale.
The occurrence of pharmaceutical products (PPs) within environmental compartments challenges the scientific community and water treatment operators to find suitable and practicable removal solutions. Clay minerals are among the oldest and cheapest adsorbents used for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants. However, despite their significant adsorption properties, little is known about their potential to remove organic contaminants such as pharmaceutical products from wastewater effluents. Hence, based on the latest published articles this review aims to standardize the adsorption properties of clay minerals for the removal of PPs. Specifically, the charge state of PPs appears to play a key role in their adsorption mechanism. In order to overcome the limitations of batch experiments (i.e. idealized solutions, static conditions) and design of a field solution, the impact of external parameters on the adsorption capacities of clay minerals is reviewed. The effect of thermal treatment and acid activation of clay minerals is also assessed in order to better understand the consequences of such modifications on the adsorption properties of clay-based adsorbents. Finally, even if most authors agree on the potential of clay-based adsorbents for the removal of PPs from wastewater, there remain significant gaps in the existing literature that need to be filled, with the aim of forecasting the real potential of clay-based treatment for the removal of pharmaceutical products at industrial scale.
“…In most adsorption systems using clay minerals and its modified forms as the adsorbents, the pseudo-second order kinetic model could represent the experimental data much better than the pseudo-first order kinetic Gupta 2006, 2011;Tsai et al 2007;Lv et al 2014;. A potential advantage of the pseudo-second order equation as an expression estimating the q e values is its small sensitivity to the influence of the random experimental error (Plazinzki et al 2009).…”
Section: The Pseudo-second Order Kineticmentioning
“…Because the CMC of pure SDC was close to the region 1 and much lower than that of pure CPM, the formation of mixed micelle was considered to be due to SDC micelles, and the attractive interaction increased the solubilization of CPM. The reason might be good solubility of CPM in water (0.127 M) (Lv et al, ), which could solubilize CPM into the mixed micelle.…”
The present study investigated the interactions of sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in aqueous solution to help develop alternative pharmaceutical formulations. Surface tension measurements were used to characterize mixed aggregate formation of CPM‐SDC. The mixed system showed a large turbid region between αCPM = 0.3 and 0.9. The theoretical approaches of Clint, Rubingh, and Rosen were used to determine the nature of the interactions between CPM and SDC in the bulk as well as at the interface. Negative interaction parameter (−β
m) values indicated strong attractive interactions between CPM and SDC mixed solution. The ΔG
oex values for all CPM‐SDC systems were found to be negative and energetically favorable for micellization as well as adsorption processes. The dynamic light scattering results have demonstrated the size (d
H) of CPM‐SDC aggregates in the composition from αCPM = 0.0 to 1.0. In the middle composition αCPM = 0.5, very large‐sized aggregates were formed.
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