Binocular, Monocular and Dichoptic Pattern Masking

Maehara, Goro; Goryo, Ken

doi:10.1007/pl00021542

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Our measurements using the method of constant stimuli indicated that the perceived contrast was 1.1 times higher at 1 degree uncrossed disparity. This elevation value is near increment thresholds for contrast discrimination within a range of high contrasts ( Legge & Foley, 1980 ; Maehara & Goryo, 2005 ; Meese et al, 2006 ). Thus, the observers would possibly notice subtle changes in the appearance of the luminance contrasts of stereoscopic patterns even if the actual contrasts were kept constant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Perceptual enhancement of suprathreshold luminance modulation in stereoscopic patterns

Maehara

Murakami

2020

Journal of Vision

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Previous studies have shown that the binocular summation of luminance contrast signals depends on the parameters involved in stereopsis when the luminance contrast is at the detection threshold. However, less attention has been paid to the perception of luminance modulation in stereoscopic patterns at suprathreshold contrast. To address this issue, we determined the contrast of stereoscopic patterns at the perceptual match to a standard contrast as a function of binocular disparity. The matched contrast was close to the standard contrast at 0 degrees disparity, but decreased as disparity deviated from 0 degrees, suggesting that sufficient disparity perceptually enhances luminance contrast. The reduction of matched contrast was more evident for uncrossed disparities than for crossed disparities, which almost disappeared when the contrast was near the threshold and also occurred when vertical disparity was introduced. We argue that the perceptual enhancement of the luminance contrast is due to the weaker interocular suppression for stimuli with large disparities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Perceptual enhancement of suprathreshold luminance modulation in stereoscopic patterns

Maehara

Murakami

2020

Journal of Vision

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“…This reveals a summation effect (the model is more sensitive to A 1 B than to A alone) at weak pedestal contrasts, but the dipper handles converge at higher contrasts where the denominator terms dominate the saturation constant, Z. This behaviour is found empirically in both the binocular (Legge, 1984;Maehara & Goryo, 2005;Meese et al, 2006) and spatial (Legge & Foley, 1980;Meese, Hess, & Williams, 2005;Meese & Summers, 2007) dimensions.…”

Section: Respmentioning

confidence: 66%

Paradoxical Psychometric Functions (“Swan Functions”) are Explained by Dilution Masking in Four Stimulus Dimensions

2013

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The visual system dissects the retinal image into millions of local analyses along numerous visual dimensions. However, our perceptions of the world are not fragmentary, so further processes must be involved in stitching it all back together. Simply summing up the responses would not work because this would convey an increase in image contrast with an increase in the number of mechanisms stimulated. Here, we consider a generic model of signal combination and counter-suppression designed to address this problem. The model is derived and tested for simple stimulus pairings (e.g. A + B), but is readily extended over multiple analysers. The model can account for nonlinear contrast transduction, dilution masking, and signal combination at threshold and above. It also predicts nonmonotonic psychometric functions where sensitivity to signal A in the presence of pedestal B first declines with increasing signal strength (paradoxically dropping below 50% correct in two-interval forced choice), but then rises back up again, producing a contour that follows the wings and neck of a swan. We looked for and found these “swan” functions in four different stimulus dimensions (ocularity, space, orientation, and time), providing some support for our proposal.

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“…Two popular models, probability summation [8] and quadratic summation [5] , [9] , have been proposed for binocular combination of contrast signals near threshold. Power summation [7] , two-stage gain control [2] , twin summation [10] , and binocular normalization [33] , have been proposed for supra-threshold binocular contrast combination. Because the relative phase between monocular images was set to zero in these studies, the phase information was absent in these models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast and Phase Combination in Binocular Vision

et al. 2010

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BackgroundHow the visual system combines information from the two eyes to form a unitary binocular representation of the external world is a fundamental question in vision science that has been the focus of many psychophysical and physiological investigations. Ding & Sperling (2006) measured perceived phase of the cyclopean image, and developed a binocular combination model in which each eye exerts gain control on the other eye's signal and over the other eye's gain control. Critically, the relative phase of the monocular sine-waves plays a central role.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe used the Ding-Sperling paradigm but measured both the perceived contrast and phase of cyclopean images in three hundred and eighty combinations of base contrast, interocular contrast ratio, eye origin of the probe, and interocular phase difference. We found that the perceived contrast of the cyclopean image was independent of the relative phase of the two monocular gratings, although the perceived phase depended on the relative phase and contrast ratio of the monocular images. We developed a new multi-pathway contrast-gain control model (MCM) that elaborates the Ding-Sperling binocular combination model in two ways: (1) phase and contrast of the cyclopean images are computed in separate pathways, although with shared cross-eye contrast-gain control; and (2) phase-independent local energy from the two monocular images are used in binocular contrast combination. With three free parameters, the model yielded an excellent account of data from all the experimental conditions.Conclusions/SignificanceBinocular phase combination depends on the relative phase and contrast ratio of the monocular images but binocular contrast combination is phase-invariant. Our findings suggest the involvement of at least two separate pathways in binocular combination.

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Binocular, Monocular and Dichoptic Pattern Masking

Cited by 20 publications

References 29 publications

Perceptual enhancement of suprathreshold luminance modulation in stereoscopic patterns

Perceptual enhancement of suprathreshold luminance modulation in stereoscopic patterns

Paradoxical Psychometric Functions (“Swan Functions”) are Explained by Dilution Masking in Four Stimulus Dimensions

Contrast and Phase Combination in Binocular Vision

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