Binocular reaction times to contrast increments

Westendorf, David H.; Blake, Randolph

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(88)90164-2

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This test also indicated for each observer that the VRT for the right and left eye did not differ significantly ( p = .78 for J.A., p = .32 for J.M., and p = .30 for J.R.). VRT was also found to be shorter for binocular than for monocular viewing, as reported in other studies (Blake et al, 1980;Gilliland & Haines, 1975;Haines, 1977;Minucci & Connors, 1964;Ueno, 1977;Westendorf & Blake, 1988).…”

Section: Binocular Summation For Luminance and Chromaticity Variationssupporting

confidence: 70%

“…The subjects were 3 of the 4 authors (J.A., J.M., and J.R., 32, 27, and 34 years old, respectively), a number similar to that in other studies of binocular summation (Simmons & Kingdom, 1998;Ueno, 1977;Westendorf & Blake, 1988). All the observers who participated in the experiments had normal color vision (according to the Ishihara test, Pickford-Nichol son anomaloscopy and Dichotomique Farnsworth 15D test) and normal stereopsis (according to stereo-fly tests).…”

Section: Observersmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…They were observed foveally with the natural pupil (Blake et al, 1980;Haines, 1977;Westendorf & Blake, 1988) under three conditions: right and left monocular (in this case one eye was covered with a black patch) and binocular.…”

Section: Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Binocular summation of chromatic changes as measured by visual reaction time

Jiménez

Medina

Barco

et al. 2002

Perception & Psychophysics

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Section: Binocular Summation For Luminance and Chromaticity Variationssupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Observersmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Binocular summation of chromatic changes as measured by visual reaction time

Jiménez

Medina

Barco

et al. 2002

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…In both kinds of RSD, and for a wide variety of experimental designs, it has frequently been observed that reaction times are stochastically faster on the redundant signal (RS) trials than on the single signal (SS) trials (Raab, 1962;Westendorf and Blake, 1988;Mordkoff and Miller, 1993). In other words, subjects are faster to respond to a flash and a beep presented together than they are to respond to the flash or beep presented alone.…”

Section: The Redundant Signals Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of base time for redundant signals experiments

Townsend

Honey

2007

Journal of Mathematical Psychology

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We report analytical and computational investigations into the effects of base time on the diagnosticity of two popular theoretical tools in the redundant signals literature: (1) the race model inequality and (2) the capacity coefficient. We show analytically and without distributional assumptions that the presence of base time decreases the sensitivity of both of these measures to model violations. We further use simulations to investigate the statistical power model selection tools based on the race model inequality, both with and without base time. Base time decreases statistical power, and biases the race model test toward conservatism. The magnitude of this biasing effect increases as we increase the proportion of total reaction time variance contributed by base time. We marshal empirical evidence to suggest that the proportion of reaction time variance contributed by base time is relatively small, and that the effects of base time on the diagnosticity of our modelselection tools are therefore likely to be minor. However, uncertainty remains concerning the magnitude and even the definition of base time. Experimentalists should continue to be alert to situations in which base time may contribute a large proportion of the total reaction time variance.

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“…A typical finding is that of redundancy gain: Responses are faster, on average, when two or more signals are presented simultaneously than when a single signal appears. Since the pioneering study by Todd (1912), this redundant signals effect (RSE) has been replicated many times for both manual and saccadic RTs, and under different experimental settings, for example, comparing uni-versus multimodal stimulation (Amlôt, Walker, Driver, & Spence, 2003;Diederich, 1995;Diederich & Colonius, 1987;Diederich, Colonius, Bockhorst, & Tabeling, 2003;Gielen, Schmidt, & Van den Heuvel, 1983;Hughes, Nelson, & Aronchick, 1998;Miller, 1982Miller, , 1986Molholm, Ritter, Javitt, & Foxe, 2004), single versus multiple stimuli within the same modality (e.g., Schwarz & Ischebeck, 1994), or monocular versus binocular stimulation (Blake, Martens, & DiGianfillipo, 1980;Westendorf & Blake, 1988) and also for specific populations (e.g., Corballis, 1998; Marzi et al, 1996, for hemianopics;Miller, 2004, for individuals who have undergone split-brain surgery; Reuter-Lorenz, Nozawa, Gazzaniga, & Hughes, 1995;. Raab (1962) was the first to propose a race model for simple RT such that (a) each individual stimulus elicits a detection process performed in parallel to the others and (b) the winner's time determines the observable RT.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The race model inequality: Interpreting a geometric measure of the amount of violation.

Colonius¹,

Diederich²

2006

Psychological Review

110

101

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An inequality by J. O. Miller (1982) has become the standard tool to test the race model for redundant signals reaction times (RTs), as an alternative to a neural summation mechanism. It stipulates that the RT distribution function to redundant stimuli is never larger than the sum of the distribution functions for 2 single stimuli. When many different experimental conditions are to be compared, a numerical index of violation is very desirable. Widespread practice is to take a certain area with contours defined by the distribution functions for single and redundant stimuli. Here this area is shown to equal the difference between 2 mean RT values. This result provides an intuitive interpretation of the index and makes it amenable to simple statistical testing. An extension of this approach to 3 redundant signals is presented.Keywords: redundant signals, race model inequality, negative dependenceIn the redundant signals paradigm for simple reaction time (RT), the observer must initiate a response as quickly as possible following the detection of any stimulus onset. A typical finding is that of redundancy gain: Responses are faster, on average, when two or more signals are presented simultaneously than when a single signal appears. Since the pioneering study by Todd (1912), this redundant signals effect (RSE) has been replicated many times for both manual and saccadic RTs, and under different experimental settings, for example, comparing uni-versus multimodal stimulation (Amlôt, Walker, Driver, & Spence, 2003;Diederich, 1995;Diederich & Colonius, 1987;Diederich, Colonius, Bockhorst, & Tabeling, 2003;Gielen, Schmidt, & Van den Heuvel, 1983;Hughes, Nelson, & Aronchick, 1998;Miller, 1982Miller, , 1986Molholm, Ritter, Javitt, & Foxe, 2004), single versus multiple stimuli within the same modality (e.g., Schwarz & Ischebeck, 1994), or monocular versus binocular stimulation (Blake, Martens, & DiGianfillipo, 1980;Westendorf & Blake, 1988) and also for specific populations (e.g., Corballis, 1998; Marzi et al., 1996, for hemianopics;Miller, 2004, for individuals who have undergone split-brain surgery; Reuter-Lorenz, Nozawa, Gazzaniga, & Hughes, 1995;. Raab (1962) was the first to propose a race model for simple RT such that (a) each individual stimulus elicits a detection process performed in parallel to the others and (b) the winner's time determines the observable RT. This model suggests that RSE is generated by statistical facilitation: If detection latencies are interpreted as (nonnegative) random variables, the time to detect the first of several redundant signals is faster, on average, than the detection time for any single signal. A generalization of Raab's model was recently developed in Miller and Ulrich (2003).Testing the race model amounts to testing whether an observed RT speed-up is too large to be attributed to statistical facilitation (viz., probability summation). The race model inequality (RMI) proposed in Miller (1982) has become the standard testing tool in many RT studies. 1 It stipulates that the RT dist...

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Binocular reaction times to contrast increments

Cited by 25 publications

References 10 publications

Binocular summation of chromatic changes as measured by visual reaction time

Binocular summation of chromatic changes as measured by visual reaction time

Consequences of base time for redundant signals experiments

The race model inequality: Interpreting a geometric measure of the amount of violation.

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