Binomial Sequential Sampling Plan for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Sistens Infesting Individual Eastern Hemlock Trees

Fidgen, Jeffrey G.; Legg, David; Salom, Scott M.

doi:10.1603/0022-0493-99.4.1500

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A different scale could be developed, e.g., the infestation likelihood indicators could be scaled quantitatively as l ow ϭ 0, m edium ϭ 1, and h igh ϭ 2, in which case it would be possible to recalibrate the stopsampling lines on the basis of the new scale. Examples of other scales that have been used in sequential sampling include visual assessment (Meikle et al 2000) and cumulative numbers of infested subsamples (Fidgen et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic Detection of Melolonthine Larvae in Australian Sugarcane

Mankin¹,

Samson²,

Chandler³

2009

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Decision support systems have been developed for risk analysis and management of root-feeding white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) in Queensland, Australia, sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), based partly on manual inspection of soil samples. Acoustic technology was considered as a potential alternative to this laborious procedure. Field surveys were conducted to detect the major pests Dermolepida albohirtum (Waterhouse) near Mackay, and Antitrogus parvulus Britton near Bundaberg. Computer analyses were developed to identify distinctive scrapes and other sounds produced by D. albohirtum and Antitrogus species and to distinguish them from sounds of nondamaging white grubs (Rutelinae, Dynastinae), as well as from extraneous, wind-induced tapping signals. Procedures were considered for incorporating acoustic methods into surveys and sequential sampling plans. Digging up and inspecting sugarcane root systems requires 10-12 min per sample, but acoustic assessments can be obtained in 3-5 min, so labor and time could be reduced by beginning the surveys with acoustic sampling. In a typical survey conducted in a field with low population densities, sampling might terminate quickly after five negative acoustic samples, establishing a desired precision level of 0.25 but avoiding the effort of excavating and inspecting empty samples. With a high population density, sampling might terminate also if signals were detected in five samples, in which case it would be beneficial to excavate the samples and count the white grubs. In intermediate populations, it might be necessary to collect up to 20 samples to achieve desired precision, and acoustic methods could help determine which samples would be best to excavate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic Detection of Melolonthine Larvae in Australian Sugarcane

Mankin¹,

Samson²,

Chandler³

2009

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“…Costa and Onken (2006) and Fitzpatrick et al (2009) provide methods for early detection and monitoring of infested stands, whereas Fidgen et al (2006) estimated relative levels of infestation for individual trees. In their nondestructive binomial sequential sampling only branches from the lower third of the crown were examined (Fidgen et al 2006). An in situ visual observation of adelgid woolly ovisacs on a certain number of trees can provide an estimate of the general infestation level in an area (Costa andOnken 2006, Faulkenberry et al 2009).…”

Section: Analysis Of Variance and Means ؎ Se For Effect Of T Canadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various sampling protocols including binomial sequential sampling (Fidgen et al 2006) and randomized branch sampling (Evans and Gregoire 2007) have been proposed and tested to assess A. tsugae populations at the individual tree or forest scale (Costa 2005). Randomized branch sampling showed that sistens distribution within the tree crown depended on their population density, suggesting that sampling from the lower regions of the tree alone may not always yield accurate densities (Evans and Gregoire 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

Distribution and Abundance of Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Within Hemlock Trees

Joseph¹,

Hanula²,

Braman³

2011

jnl. econ. entom.

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We studied the distribution of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), within hemlock trees for three summer (progrediens) and two winter (sistens) generations in northern Georgia. Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, trees were treated with 0, 10, or 25% of 1.5 g of imidacloprid per 2.5 cm of tree diameter at breast height and fertilized or not in a factorial design. Adelgid ovisacs per centimeter of branch were more abundant from June 2007 to June 2008 in the upper tree crown of insecticide untreated trees and when all trees were combined and that was the general trend for most comparisons. However, ovisacs were more abundant in the lower crown of insecticide treated trees in June 2008. More sistens nymphs settled on the upper crown branches than on the lower branches in summers 2007 and 2008. Higher eggs per ovisac were observed in the upper crown in February 2008 and in both the winter and summer 2009. In contrast, adelgids were more fecund in the lower crown in June 2008. On fertilized trees, eggs laid per adult were higher in the upper crown in February 2008. In summer 2008, eggs per ovisac were higher in the lower crown, but this reversed again to the upper crown by summer 2009. New growth of branches also varied among sample dates. These data demonstrate the variable distribution of adelgid and hemlock growth within trees over time and suggest that sampling only one crown area will not provide accurate estimates of adelgid densities.

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“…To quantify A. tsugae infestations, the PSI with the A. tsugae sistens generation was measured pretreatment in 2004 Ð2005 and posttreatment each spring from 2006 to 2008. PSI is based on a binomial sequential sampling plan (Fidgen et al 2006). On each tree, 50 shoots of the most recent growth from the distal ends of each of four branches were examined for the presence or absence of A. tsugae, resulting in 200 shoots examined per tree.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Trunk and Soil Injections of Low Rates of Imidacloprid on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) and Eastern Hemlock (Pinales: Pinaceae) Health

et al. 2014

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Eastern hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis Carrière) at two sites in southwestern Virginia were treated by trunk and soil injections of imidacloprid to determine the insecticide's impact on hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand. Treatments were 25, 50, and 100% of the highest labeled dosage rates for both stem and soil injection. Three and 4 yr after treatment, the half and full rates had significantly reduced A. tsugae populations, which were accompanied by increased new hemlock shoot growth and higher hemlock health scores on a visual rating of tree appearance. Imidacloprid and metabolite concentrations in tissue of treated trees were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and A. tsugae density decreased as imidacloprid concentrations increased in wood tissue. There were no observed A. tsugae populations in all trees with imidacloprid tissue concentrations >413 ppb. Olefin, di-hydroxy, and 6-chloro-nicotinic-acid metabolites were the imidacloprid metabolites recovered in the highest concentrations. This suggests that hemlock metabolism of imidacloprid may increase efficacy of the parent compound. Stem and soil treatments of low rates of systemic imidacloprid reduce adelgid populations and promote hemlock health, but still may provide a remnant food source for beneficial predators.

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Binomial Sequential Sampling Plan for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Sistens Infesting Individual Eastern Hemlock Trees

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Acoustic Detection of Melolonthine Larvae in Australian Sugarcane

Acoustic Detection of Melolonthine Larvae in Australian Sugarcane

Distribution and Abundance of Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Within Hemlock Trees

Impacts of Trunk and Soil Injections of Low Rates of Imidacloprid on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) and Eastern Hemlock (Pinales: Pinaceae) Health

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