Bio-based arginine surface-modified ammonium polyphosphate: an efficient intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin

Abstract

Arginine modified ammonium polyphosphate was prepared through the cation-exchange reaction and applied as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin.

Construction of 2D/1D Hybrids through Hyperbranched Polyphosphoramide toward Improving Mechanical and Flame-Retarding Properties of Epoxy Composites

“…Moreover, the P 2p spectrum (Figure g) was split into three peaks at 132.4, 133.7, and 134.8 eV, corresponding to P–O (P–O–C, P–O–P), P–N, and PO x , respectively, which further indicated that cross-linked organophosphorus compounds (e.g., pyrophosphate, polyphosphate, phosphorus oxynitrides, etc.) were formed in the char residue of the EP/4%CNT@HBPPA@MoS 2 composite . As for the S 2p spectra (Figure i), the two peaks at 162.4 and 163.8 eV are ascribed to S 2p 3/2 and S 2p 1/2 deriving from MoS 2 nanosheets, respectively, while the other two peaks occurring at 165.3 and 169.1 eV are related to the SO 4 2– and C–S groups, respectively, due to the reaction of partial MoS 2 with oxygen or pyrolyzed fragments of epoxy chains .…”

“…Second, the pyridine structure (N-6) was reported to be more thermally stable than the pyrrole structure (N-5); thus, more stable chemical structures were generated under the catalytic effect of Mo ions to defend the heat and oxidation reaction . For O 1s spectra (Figure f), the peak at 531.4 eV represents the double oxygen bonds in PO or CO, and the peaks at 532.4 and 533.2 eV belong to the single oxygen bonds in P–O (P–O–P, P–O–C) and C–O, respectively. , However, a small peak (530.5 eV) assigned to Mo–O occurred in the char residue of the EP/4%CNT@HBPPA@MoS 2 composite, coupled with the enhanced proportion of Mo 6+ (233.1 and 236.1 eV) appeared in the Mo 3d spectra (Figure h), ,, demonstrating the presence of MoO 3 , which was consistent with the results obtained from FTIR and XRD patterns. Moreover, the P 2p spectrum (Figure g) was split into three peaks at 132.4, 133.7, and 134.8 eV, corresponding to P–O (P–O–C, P–O–P), P–N, and PO x , respectively, which further indicated that cross-linked organophosphorus compounds (e.g., pyrophosphate, polyphosphate, phosphorus oxynitrides, etc.)…”

“…were formed in the char residue of the EP/4%CNT@HBPPA@MoS 2 composite. 54 As for the S 2p spectra (Figure 6i), the two peaks at 162.4 and 163.8 eV are ascribed to S 2p 3/2 and S 2p 1/2 deriving from MoS 2 nanosheets, respectively, 16 while the other two peaks occurring at 165.3 and 169.1 eV are related to the SO 4 2− and C−S groups, respectively, due to the reaction of partial MoS 2 with oxygen or pyrolyzed fragments of epoxy chains. 31 These results showed that a highly cross-linked char layer with complex chemical structures including MoO 3 , MoS 2 , organic phosphate, and CNT was formed gradually upon combustion in the EP/4%CNT@HBPPA@MoS 2 composite, which could exert a better barrier effect during the combustion process.…”

Preparation of DOPO‐derived magnesium phosphate whisker and its synergistic effect with ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin

“…In the gas phase, PO 2 · and PO· radicals were produced with the decomposition of the DOPO group in DPM‐H, which can capture the HO· and H· radicals generated during the burning of EP to prevent the EP combustion process 68,69 . In the meantime, inflammable gases such as CO 2 , H 2 O, and NH 3 are produced with the decomposition of APP, which can dilute the oxygen content around the EP 70 . Therefore, the presence of DPM‐H and APP in EP made the flame‐retardant EP achieve good flame retardancy.…”

“…68,69 In the meantime, inflammable gases such as CO 2 , H 2 O, and NH 3 are produced with the decomposition of APP, which can dilute the oxygen content around the EP. 70 Therefore, the presence of DPM-H and APP in EP made the flame-retardant EP achieve good flame retardancy.…”