Bio-Guided Isolation of Compounds from Fraxinus excelsior Leaves with Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Abstract

Inflammation is the first physiological defence mechanism against external and internal stimuli. The prolonged or inappropriate response of the immune system may lead to the persistent inflammatory response that can potentially become a basis for chronic diseases e.g., asthma, type II diabetes or cancer. An important role in the alleviation of inflammatory processes, as an adjunct to traditional pharmacological therapy, is attributed to phytotherapy, especially to raw materials with a long tradition of use, e.g., ash leaves. Despite their long-term use in phytotherapy, the specific mechanisms of action have not been confirmed in a sufficient number of biological or clinical studies. The aim of the study is a detailed phytochemical analysis of infusion and its fractions, isolation of pure compounds from the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior and evaluation of their effect on the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and IL-10 receptor expression in an in vitro model of monocyte/macrophage cells isolated from peripheral blood. Methods: Phytochemical analysis was carried out by the UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS method. Monocytes/macrophages were isolated from human peripheral blood using density gradient centrifugation on Pancoll. After 24 h incubation with tested fractions/subfractions and pure compounds, cells or their supernatants were studied, respectively, on IL-10 receptor expression by flow cytometry and IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β secretion by the ELISA test. Results were presented with respect to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) control and positive control with dexamethasone. Results: The infusion, 20% and 50% methanolic fractions and their subfractions, as well as their dominating compounds, e.g., ligstroside, formoside and oleoacteoside isolated from the leaves, show the ability to increase the IL-10 receptor expression on the surface of monocyte/macrophage cells, stimulated by LPS, and to decrease the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α, IL-6.

Occurrence of Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol and Their Metabolites in Italian Cheese

“…The presence of HT and T and their various glycosylated forms (ligstroside, nuzhenide, salidroside, verbascoside, etc.) has been mainly studied in olive oil, leaves and fruits, but these compounds are also widely diffused in plants that do not belong to Oleacee family [37][38][39][40]. In 2018, Bernardi et al studied the phenolic profile of four maize cultivars estimating concentrations of HT from about 300 to about 800 mg kg −1 , depending on maize cultivar [41].…”

Fraxin in Combination with Dexamethasone Attenuates LPS-Induced Liver and Heart Injury and Their Anticytokine Activity in Mice

“…Fraxin has been found to exhibit significant pharmacological versatility, showing dual protection against oxidative stress and inflammation in various variables [ 12 ]. As such, it can be hypothesized that fraxin may facilitate a fundamental role in attenuating interleukin-8 release and conferring protection against LPS-induced harm in the murine population [ 13 ]. The current research aims to evaluate Fraxin's hepatoprotective and cardioprotective properties and combine it with dexamethasone in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS).…”