Bio-hybrid dental implants prepared using stem cells with β-TCP-coated titanium and zirconia

Abstract

Purpose This study investigated periodontal ligament (PDL) restoration in osseointegrated implants using stem cells. Methods Commercial pure titanium and zirconium oxide (zirconia) were coated with beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) using a long-pulse Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm). Isolated bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMMSCs) from rabbit tibia and femur, isolated PDL stem cells (PDLSCs) from the lower right incisor, and co-cultured BMMSCs and PDLSCs were tested for periostin markers using an immunofluorescent assay. Implants with 3D-engineered tissue were implanted into the lower right central incisors after extraction from rabbits. Forty implants (Ti or zirconia) were subdivided according to the duration of implantation (healing period: 45 or 90 days). Each subgroup (20 implants) was subdivided into 4 groups (without cells, PDLSC sheets, BMMSC sheets, and co-culture cell sheets). All groups underwent histological testing involving haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry, stereoscopic analysis to measure the PDL width, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The natural lower central incisors were used as controls. Results The BMMSCs co-cultured with PDLSCs generated a well-formed PDL tissue that exhibited positive periostin expression. Histological analysis showed that the implantation of coated (Ti and zirconia) dental implants without a cell sheet resulted in a well-osseointegrated implant at both healing intervals, which was confirmed with FESEM analysis and negative periostin expression. The mesenchymal tissue structured from PDLSCs only or co-cultured (BMMSCs and PDLSCs) could form a natural periodontal tissue with no significant difference between Ti and zirconia implants, consequently forming a biohybrid dental implant. Green fluorescence for periostin was clearly detected around the biohybrid implants after 45 and 90 days. FESEM showed the invasion of PDL-like fibres perpendicular to the cementum of the bio-hybrid implants. Conclusions β-TCP-coated (Ti and zirconia) implants generated periodontal tissue and formed biohybrid implants when mesenchymal-tissue-layered cell sheets were isolated from PDLSCs alone or co-cultured BMMSCs and PDLSCs.

Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Cell Spheroids Made of Stem Cells Obtained from the Gingiva on Osteogenic Differentiation

“…There may be some limitations to this study. The study used cell cultures, which might not have accurately reflected how cells behave in animals or humans [ 51 ]. Secondly, the study examined only a small subset of enamel matrix derivative concentrations, which may not accurately reflect the full range of effective amounts [ 52 ].…”

Vitamin E Enhances Cell Viability and the Osteogenic Differentiation of Cell Spheroids Made of Gingiva-Derived Stem Cells

“…A stem cell spheroid culture was employed in this investigation. Stem cell approaches have attracted a lot of attention, and stem cells have been applied for regenerative medicine [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. By enabling cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, a spheroid culture technique replicated the physicochemical environment in vivo while overcoming the drawbacks of a conventional monolayer cell culture [35].…”

Cementum is key to periodontal tissue regeneration: A review on apatite microstructures for creation of novel cementum‐based dental implants

“…The use of highly reactive metastable calcium phosphates, such as ACP, would likely be effective in the formation of cementum-like tissue (Yang et al, 2020), as previously demonstrated for enamel and bone regeneration. Recently, the metastable calcium phosphate β-TCP was applied to titanium and zirconia implants combined with stem cells to induce periodontal tissue regeneration, including cementum; however, detailed crystallographic data were not provided (Safi, Hussein, & Al-Shammari, 2022).…”