“…In recent years, field robots have been widely deployed in nuclear plants, agriculture [Kim et al(2019) Kim, Kim, Ju, and Son] and construction, and underwater [Zhang et al(2019) Zhang, Liu, Luo, and Yang], as well as military areas, and their usefulness has attracted a considerable amount of attention from environmental scientists and robotics engineers. However, field robotics research is complicated because agents need to perform tasks or missions in outdoor, unstructured, and unknown environments.…”