Bio-Resin Production through Ethylene Unsaturated Carbon Using Vegetable Oils

Abstract

Bio-resins are bio-based materials derived from vegetable resources, especially from vegetable seed oils. It is widely known that bio-resources are renewable, highly available, and sustainable. Resins and most polymers are largely derived from petroleum-based sources that are known to pose chemical risks. Resins have practical applications in printing inks, plasticisers and diluents, as well as in coating materials. Vegetable oils possess a large number of oxirane groups, which are essential for epoxidation to occur, resulting in the production of bio-resins. This undeniably serves as a promising candidate for competing with fossil-fuel-derived petroleum-based products. Thus, the aim of this review paper is to highlight aspects related to the production of bio-resins, including the chemical route of vegetable oil epoxidation process and its influencing factors, the reaction kinetics, bio-resins and the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of bio-resins, along with their applications. The resins industry has seen some remarkable progress towards the commercialisation of several bio-resins originating from vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, castor oil, and linseed oil. This success has undoubtedly intensified further efforts in fields related to bio-resin applications. Research and development is ongoing with the aim of customising a feasible formulation for the synthesis of bio-resins with the desired properties for catering to various applications

Modified Epoxy for Fibre Reinforced Polymer Strengthening of Concrete Structures

“…These materials are highly available, safe and do not create harm to humans and animals. While many studies have been carried out on bio-resin as a composite matrix in material itself, general application, coating, manufacturing industry, aircraft, automotive and marine [73], [74], [85], [86], but to date, no application has been made on structural repair associated with FRP.…”

The Prospering of Macromolecular Materials Based on Plant Oils within the Blooming Field of Polymers from Renewable Resources

“…A full understanding of their chemical structure and their reactivity has widened the range of applications of these valuable raw materials during the second half of the 20th century, meeting the polymer revolution that occurred simultaneously. Vegetable oils and their derivatives are the protagonists for the development of polymers from biomass [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Indeed, an exponential behavior is observed when both the number of scientific publications using the keywords “polymers” and “vegetable oils” and their corresponding citations are plotted as a function of time considering only the last two decades ( Figure 1 ; Figure 2 ), which is a convincing demonstration that the subject is far from being fully exploited.…”

Emergence of Polymeric Material Utilising Sustainable Radiation Curable Palm Oil-Based Products for Advanced Technology Applications

“…Natural vegetable oils and fatty acids that are mostly edible (e.g., palm oil, soya oil, jojoba oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, and canola oil) have been widely used in the development of polymeric biomaterials, such as in coatings, lubricants, agrochemicals, and plasticisers [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. The presence of carbon double bonding (-C=C-) in vegetable oils makes it easy to function with reactive groups, such as epoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and acrylate, which allows the preparation of polyurethane, elastomers, plastics, and pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”