“…In real scenarios, the contaminants distributed in food or environmental matrices are not 100% released and absorbed across the gastrointestinal barrier, which are available for systemic distribution, metabolism, and generation of adverse effects. Currently, bioavailability, in the context of human health risk assessment, has been gradually regarded as a critical parameter to decrease the uncertainty in contaminant exposure estimation. − This adjustment or correction factor has been extensively tested for numerous organic or inorganic environmental pollutants, such as dioxin-like compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorooctanoic acid, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. − Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of perchlorate have also been preliminarily investigated in our study in in vitro models, and the results indicated that these two critical parameters could be affected by digestion phases and food matrices. These findings warranted further confirmation in an in vivo model, and the suitability of in vitro data for estimating in vivo bioavailability required investigation through an in vivo – in vitro correlation analysis.…”