Bioaccessibility of Plant Sterols in Wholemeal Rye Bread Using the INFOGEST Protocol: Influence of Oral Phase and Enzymes of Lipid Metabolism

Abstract

Bioaccessibility of plant sterols (PS) in an enriched wholemeal rye bread was evaluated, for the first time, using the INFOGEST protocol without gastric lipase (GL) and cholesterol esterase (CE), with GL or GL + CE. Moreover, human chewing and an in vitro oral phase (simulated salivary fluid and α-amylase) were evaluated for this purpose. The addition of GL decreased the bioaccessibility of total PS (from 23.8 to 18.5%), whereas the use of GL + CE does not significantly affect PS bioaccessibility. The in vitro oral phase resulted in an ineffective homogenization of the fresh vs partially dried and milled bread, reducing the bioaccessibility of total (from 20.2 to 12.8%) and individual PS. The INFOGEST digestion including the use of GL and CE, as well as an oral phase with human chewing, is proposed for the assessment of PS bioaccessibility in a solid matrix such as wholemeal rye bread since it more closely approximates the in vivo situation.

Aging-related gastrointestinal conditions decrease the bioaccessibility of plant sterols in enriched wholemeal rye bread: in vitro static digestion

“…A healthy adult volunteer (41 years, amylase activity: 245.3 ± 16.9 U mL −1 saliva) was used and mastication cycles were reduced with respect to the adult model (20 vs. 40). 21…”

“…A healthy adult volunteer (41 years, amylase activity: 245.3 ± 16.9 U mL −1 saliva) was used and mastication cycles were reduced with respect to the adult model (20 vs. 40). 21 The digesta obtained (from control, E1 or E2) was centrifuged for 90 min at 4 °C and 3100 g (Centrifuge 5810 R, Eppendorf AG, Germany) and the supernatant corresponding to the bioaccessible fraction (BF) was collected. The formula [(sterol content in BF/sterol content in WRB) × 100] was used to calculate the bioaccessibility of total and individual sterols.…”

Chemopreventive Effect of an In Vitro Digested and Fermented Plant Sterol-Enriched Wholemeal Rye Bread in Colon Cancer Cells

“…Prior to the dynamic digestion with simgi ® , a human oral phase was performed. Five individual breads, representing portions of PSRB and NERB (81.45 ± 1.14 g) were chewed as described previously by Faubel et al [ 24 ] and five independent oral boluses were obtained for each type of bread. Due to the difficulties presented by the gastrointestinal digestion of the oral boluses in the simgi ® , a semi-dynamic gastrointestinal digestion of these oral boluses corresponding to one intake (40 g PSRB or NERB) was performed.…”

Anti-inflammatory activity of plant sterols in a co-culture model of intestinal inflammation: focus on food-matrix effect

“…For the BF of WRB, the methodology used was as described in Faubel et al 25 Addition of epicoprostanol as IS (200 μg) to 2 mL of the BF and 1 mL of absolute ethanol was carried out.…”