Bioaccessibility versus Bioavailability of Essential (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) and Toxic (Pb) Elements from Phyto Hyperaccumulator Pistia stratiotes: Potential Risk of Dietary Intake

Abstract

Aquatic weeds are widely used as animal feed in developing countries. However, information about element bioavailability from these plants is lacking. A combination of an in vitro method [physiologically based extraction test (PBET)] and an in vivo feeding trial was used in this study to investigate potential element bioaccessibility and estimated bioavailability of Pistia stratiotes (PS). Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Pb concentrations in PS biomass, artificial gastrointestinal fluids, and rat tissues were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. PS exhibited elevated Fe, Mn, and Pb levels. The PBET revealed high bioaccessibility of all monitored elements from PS biomass. The results of the in vivo trial were inconsistent with those of the PBET, because animals fed PS exhibited low levels of essential elements in the tissues. The consumption of a PS-supplemented diet significantly decreased total Fe levels and increased the total level of accumulation of Pb in exposed animals. Significantly reduced amounts of essential elements in the intestinal walls indicated a potential disruption in nutrient gastrointestinal absorption in animals fed PS.

Bio-accessibility of iron and copper from seven Kenyan anti-anaemia medicinal plants

“…Though the amount obtained depends on the diet composition of the individual. Our results are similar to those reported by Cadkova et al [42], which showed that the amount of iron and copper extracted in the gastric phase was more than that extracted in the intestinal phase. The copper complexes with a number of organic ligands that break down into different extents.…”

Use of different endpoints to determine the bioavailability of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Sprague–Dawley rats

“…In the 1990s, the concept of bioavailability was introduced into the field of risk assessment to assess the health risks of mammals to environmental pollutants, but there is considerable ambiguity in the specific definition, especially how to calculate this value 4 . For example, some researchers use the traditional AUC method to calculate the bioavailability of benzopyrene (BAP) or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in soil 5 , while other researchers express the bioavailability using a ratio of the concentration in a specific target organ (liver, for example) to the intake concentration, which has been reported in studies of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 6 and heavy metals such as lead 7 . However, data obtained by different methods cannot be compared.…”

Assessment of bio-availability of Cd, Pb, As and Tl via Gastric/Intestinal Digestion in Plants Collected From Different Kenyan Regions

“…This requirement is not observed in the third world countries where the use of plants is neither controlled nor regulated by quality assurance parameters (Annan et al 2010;Khan 2013;Ogunbanjo et al 2016;Adie and Adekunle 2017). Though the determination of the total content of the heavy metal in the plants give an indication of the levels of toxicity much more information can be obtained by measuring the bioavailability and bio accessibility (Arpadjan et al 2008;Intawongse and Dean 2008;Musa Özcan et al 2008;Yemane et al 2008;Jayawardene et al 2010;Lv et al 2013;Zhu et al 2013;Okem et al 2014;Čadková et al 2015;Parviz et al 2015;Bolan et al 2016;Pizarro et al 2016;Yang et al 2016;Nischwitz et al 2017;Mogwasi et al 2018;Zhou et al 2018;Mogwasi et al 2019).…”