“…Assessments of effects on reproduction might involve evaluation of parameters such as clutch size, hatching or fledging success, brood or litter size, or evaluating the age structure of the population. These might be evaluated by physically visiting and monitoring nest sites (e.g., Custer, 2021; English et al, 2022; Grove et al, 2009; Morrissey et al, 2014; Rattner et al, 2018), using game cameras, GPS, or other tracking technologies to monitor individuals and groups of animals, their activity and even health, or trapping to capture, mark, and release so that survival and population age structure can be evaluated. For longer‐lived species, this requires long‐term commitment and techniques, such as banding, to develop a marked population (e.g., Newton & Wyllie, 1992).…”