Bioaccumulation and Transfer of Zinc in Soil Plant and Animal System: A Health Risk Assessment for the Grazing Animals.

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution has thoroughly worldwide apprehensions due to the instantaneous growth of industries. Farming regions are irrigated mainly with wastewater which contains both municipal and industrial emancipations. Therefore, three sites irrigated with ground, canal and municipal-wastewater in the District Jhang were selected to determine the zinc accumulation and its transfer in the soil, plant and animal food-chain. Soil, forage and animal samples of cow, buffalo and sheep were selected from each site. Various pollution indices were also measured to assess the zinc exposure to grazing animals. Zinc concentration was ranged as 18.85-35.59mg/kg in the soil, 26.42-42.67 mg/kg in the forage and 0.982-2.85mg/kg in the animal samples. Investigated zinc concentration in soil and forages was found to be within the recommended WHO/FAO limits but blood samples exceeding the standards of NRC (2007). Maximum level of pollution load index (0.427-0.805mg/kg) and enrichment factor (0.373-0.894 mg/kg) for zinc was noticed upon waste water irrigation. Daily intake (0.039 to 0.082 mg/kg/day) and health risk index (0.130 to 0.275 mg/kg/day) of zinc metal was higher in the buffaloes that feed on waste water irrigated forages. Bio-concentration factor (0.840 to 2.01mg/kg) for soil-forage was >1 represented that these plants accumulated the zinc concentration into their tissues and raised health issues in grazing animals on consumption of waste water contaminated forages. Overall findings of this study, suggested that animal herds should be monitored periodically to devise preventive measures regarding the toxic level of heavy metals availability to livestock.

Procedimento para realizar um licenciamento ambiental utilizando um processo para usina de geração de energia

“…Para classificação de atividade passível de licenciamento ambiental, é necessário compreender dois conceitos: poluição e potencial poluidor. A palavra poluição, em sua terminologia, vem do latim "polluere" que significa, em sua simplicidade, "sujar", "manchar" (CHEN et al, 2021). Segundo a Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, é a degradação da qualidade ambiental resultante das atividades que, em seu sentido básico, causem impactos negativos e prejudiciais à saúde e à segurança humana, além de alterações nas condições naturais do meio ambiente (BRASIL, 1981).…”

Procedure to carry out an environmental licensing using a process for a power generation plant

“…To classify an activity subject to environmental licensing, it is necessary to understand two concepts: pollution and polluting potential. The word pollution, in its terminology, comes from the Latin "polluere" which means, in its simplicity, "to soil", "stain" (CHEN et al, 2021). According to the National Environmental Policy, it is the degradation of environmental quality resulting from activities that, in their basic sense, cause negative and harmful impacts on human health and safety, in addition to changes in the natural conditions of the environment (BRASIL, 1981).…”