Bioaccumulation of nutrients and metals in sediment, water, and phoomdi from Loktak Lake (Ramsar site), northeast India: phytoremediation options and risk assessment

Abstract

In order to determine the potential of phoomdi to accumulate nutrients and metals, 11 dominant species belonging to 10 different families, sediment, and water were analyzed for a period of 2 years from the largest freshwater wetland of north-east India, Loktak (Ramsar site). Results revealed nutrient (TN and TP) and metal (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) compartmentalization in the order phoomdi > sediment > water. Iron concentrations in water (0.37 ± 0.697 to 0.57 ± 1.010 mg L(-1)) and sediments (81.8 ± 0.45 to 253.1 ± 0.51 mg kg(-1)) show high metal discharge into the wetland. Metal accumulation in phoomdi ranged up to 212.3 ± 0.46-9461.4 ± 1.09 mg kg(-1) for Fe; 85.9 ± 0.31-3565.1 ± 0.87 mg kg(-1) for Mn; 9.6 ± 0.41-85.39 ± 0.58 mg kg(-1) for Zn; and 0.31 ± 0.04-9.2 ± 0.04 mg kg(-1) for Cu, respectively. High bioaccumulation factors (BAF) for metals (S. cucullata, 5.8 × 10(4) Fe, 3.9 × 10(4) Mn, and 1.7 × 10(4) Cu, and O. javanica, 4.9 × 10(3) Zn) and nutrients (S. polyrhiza, 9.7 × 10(2) TN, and Z. latifolia, 7.9 × 10(4) TP) revealed good accumulation in phoomdi compared to the wetland water column and indicate their potential to maintain a safe environment of Loktak. Further, the paper analyzed the health hazard of metals via phoomdi wild edible consumption, with the results confirming potential risk. Thus, the paper showed the need of in-depth monitoring and ample management strategies to ensure nutritional safety conditions of locals from the metals.

Heavy Metal Accumulation Potential of Some Wetland Plants Growing Naturally in the City of Kolkata, India

“…The use of aquatic plants for heavy metal removal has been extensively reviewed [5] [6] [15]- [17] and widely studied both under laboratory [18]- [20] as well as field conditions [21]- [27]. Insights from all these studies point to the existence of a wide variation in the ability of different plants to accumulate heavy metals and the ability of a particular genera or species to accumulate different amounts of the same heavy metal from different sites.…”

Assessment of Potential Toxic Metals in a Ramsar Wetland, Central Mexico and its Self-Depuration through Eichhornia crassipes

“…Ideally, a good phytoextractor should have a TF > 1. It means that the plant is translocating the pollutant into the aerial part and hence is liberating the roots and rhizomes for more pollutant to be absorbed [1,[38][39][40]. However, Baker [41] proposed an additional category apart from the one mentioned above, that is an "Indicator" category, which is when uptake and transport of metals to the shoots are regulated so that internal concentration reflects external levels.…”

“…This is likely because on the shore of the Valsequillo reservoir, particularly close to the sampling point VAL03, there is a human settlement called San Baltazar Tetela, which discharges their residual waters into the reservoir. This wastewater can contain metals coming from a wide variety of domestic household products, such as toothpaste, cosmetics, batteries, and cleaning materials that contain trace concentrations of these metals [39] and thus enriching the content of these metals in that specific zone. In addition, Water hyacinth plants that cover the Valsequillo reservoir absorb metals from water during the growing period, but as proved by Jackson [53], during senescence, the plant is susceptible to release metals along with the Water hyacinth plants tissues into the surrounding water.…”

Cadmium, Chromium, and Cobalt in the Organs of Glyceria maxima and Bottom Sediments of the Pisa River and Its Tributaries (Poland)

“…Aquatic plants are suitable for detecting environmental changes [ 36 , 37 ]. Many studies have demonstrated the ability of macrophytes to phytoremediate heavy metals [ 20 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Analysis of bottom sediments and biological samples helps to determine the overall content of PTEs and their impact on the aquatic environment [ 46 ].…”