Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in a bivalve (Arca senilis- blood cockles) and health risk assessment

Consumption Safety in Relation to Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Periwinkles (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Obtained from Ogbia in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

“…where EF = Exposure frequency ED = Exposure duration FIR = Fish ingestion rate CF = conversion factor Cm = heavy metal concentration in periwinkle (μg/g d-w), BW = Adult body weight 70 kg [14,15]. TA (EF × ED) = average exposure time [5,6].…”

“…Heavy metal pollution is one of the challenges of coastal waters due to human activities such as oil exploration and exploitation, construction and fabrication of marine boats, disposal of industrial and domestic wastes, sailing and illegal bunkering activities [1]. Heavy metals are generally referred to as those metals which possess a specific density of more than 5 g/cm 3 and adversely affect the environment and living organisms [2].…”

“…Nagajyoti et al [3] and [4]; stated that metals are significant environmental pollutants and their toxicity is a problem of increasing significance for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional and environmental reasons. Heavy metal contamination in the aquatic environment is a major challenge with regards to industrialization in view of the fact that industrial and domestic wastes containing such pollutants are regularly channeled into nearby water bodies [1]. Increase in population has induced urbanization and industrialization with corresponding discharge of wastes such as heavy metals into the environment [5,6] but Dural et al [7] stated that heavy metals occur naturally in aquatic ecosystem but deposits of anthropogenic origin increase their levels and create environmental problems in coastal zones and rivers.…”

“…Consumers of periwinkle from the study area are therefore, exposed to significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals. Moslen and Miebaka[1] had reported that fish could accumulate elevated levels of heavy metals in their tissues over time without physical signs of distress but this may constitute potential health harm to consumers of such fish from presumed polluted areas. Mean values of Cr, Cu and Zn observed in this study…”

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mullus surmuletus from the Catania Gulf (Sicily, Italy): distribution and potential health risks

“…However, the accumulation of PAHs and its metabolite in fish can negatively affect the health of fish (Logan 2007 ; Balk et al 2011 ) as well as the health of human populations who consume these fishes. Thus, in the last few years, the human health risks resulting from dietary intake of PAHs have been assessed using different equations that properly combine different factors (Zhao et al 2014 ; Barhoumi et al 2016 ; Oliva et al 2017 ; Moslen et al 2019 ; Soltani et al 2019 ; Yu et al 2019 ; Apiratikul et al 2020 ). Many of these risk assessments are based on the benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concept, e.g.…”