Bioaccumulation of Selected Halogenated Organic Flame Retardants in Lake Ontario

Kurt-Karakuş, Perihan Binnur; Muir, Derek C. G.; Jourdan, Benjamin de; Teixeira, Carlos; Martindale, Jessica Epp; Embers, Heather; Wang, Xiaowa; Keir, Mike; Backus, Sean

doi:10.1002/etc.4413

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…TMFs often vary strongly depending on the characteristics of the studied food web (e.g., biodiversity, food web dynamics, energy, and nutrient cycling), season and temperature of the studied ecosystem, the sampling strategies and coverage of taxa and species, and the system dynamics [9,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. For TL normalization, it would, therefore, be ideal to derive the TMFs directly in the ecosystem under consideration.…”

Section: The Last Column Lists the Protection Goals On Which The Eqs mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the studies compiled here, six report TL-corrected BMFs derived in addition to TMFs from parallel measurements of fish of different TL from one ecosystem (i.e., [15,20,33,40,41,43]; Table 2).…”

Section: Tl 4 Normalization Based On Trophic Level-corrected Bmf (Bmfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pérez-Fuentetaja et al [43] report TLcorrected BMFs and TMF for individual PBDE congeners and the sum of 10 PBDE congeners for two kinds of food webs in Lake Erie, i.e., one including zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish, and the other including only fish. Kurt-Karakus et al [20] analyzed a pelagic food web in Lake Ontario and derived TL-corrected BMFs and TMF values for some PBDE congeners. Furthermore, they studied the effects of the structure of the food web by calculating TMFs for "simplified" food webs by excluding species.…”

Section: Tl 4 Normalization Based On Trophic Level-corrected Bmf (Bmfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selection and application of trophic magnification factors for priority substances to normalize freshwater fish monitoring data under the European Water Framework Directive: a case study

et al. 2020

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Background The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the monitoring of biota—preferably fish—to check the compliance of tissue concentrations of priority substances (PS) against substance-specific environmental quality standards (EQSs). In monitoring programs, different fish species are covered, which often are secondary consumers with a trophic level (TL) of about 3. For harmonization, a normalization of monitoring data to a common trophic level is proposed, i.e., TL 4 (predatory fish) in freshwaters, so that data would be sufficiently protective. For normalization, the biomagnification properties of the chemicals can be considered by applying substance-specific trophic magnification factors (TMFs). Alternatively, TL-corrected biomagnification factors (BMFTLs) may be applied. Since it is impractical to derive site-specific TMFs or BMFTLs, often data from literature will be used for normalization. However, available literature values for TMFs and BMFTLs are quite varying. In the present study, the use of literature-derived TMFs and BMFTLs in data normalization is studied more closely. Results An extensive literature evaluation was conducted to identify appropriate TMFs for the WFD PS polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), hexachlorobenzene, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (PCDD/F + dl-PCB), hexabromocyclododecane, and mercury. The TMFs eventually derived were applied to PS monitoring data sets of fish from different trophic levels (chub, bream, roach, and perch) from two German rivers. For comparison, PFOS and PBDE data were also normalized using literature-retrieved BMFTLs. Conclusions The evaluation illustrates that published TMFs and BMFTLs for WFD PS are quite variable and the selection of appropriate values for TL 4 normalization can be challenging. The normalized concentrations partly included large uncertainties when considering the range of selected TMFs, but indicated whether an EQS exceedance at TL 4 can be expected. Normalization of the fish monitoring data revealed that levels of substances accumulating in the food web (TMF or BMF > 1) can be underestimated when relying on fish with TL < 4 for EQS compliance assessment. The evaluation also revealed that TMF specifically derived for freshwater ecosystems in Europe would be advantageous. Field-derived BMFTLs seemed to be no appropriate alternative to TMFs, because they can vary even stronger than TMFs.

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Section: The Last Column Lists the Protection Goals On Which The Eqs mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tl 4 Normalization Based On Trophic Level-corrected Bmf (Bmfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tl 4 Normalization Based On Trophic Level-corrected Bmf (Bmfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selection and application of trophic magnification factors for priority substances to normalize freshwater fish monitoring data under the European Water Framework Directive: a case study

et al. 2020

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“…At present, little data on bioaccumulation or biomagnification for PBT are available [8]. Kurt-Karakus et al [65] observed an enrichment in the freshwater food web of Lake Ontario but no trophic level-dependence of PBT accumulation.…”

Section: Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TBP-DBPE was detected only in blue mussels from NS 2 and eelpout from BS in 2015. TBP-DBPE is assumed to be bioaccumulative [8,65]. Concentrations are in the same range as those reported by Sühring et al [61] for dabs from the German Bight.…”

Section: Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemicals of emerging concern in marine specimens of the German Environmental Specimen Bank

et al. 2020

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Background: Descriptor 8 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (Directive 2008/56/EC) addresses the good environmental status with regard to pollution of marine waters by chemical contaminants. Commission decision (EU) 2017/848 lays down the criteria and methodological standards on good environmental status of marine waters. Member States, in regional or subregional cooperation, shall establish lists of relevant contaminants beside those already covered by the Water Framework Directive (WFD). To provide information on emerging contaminants in marine biota, the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) has compiled data of blue mussels and eelpouts from coastal sites in the North and Baltic Seas. Substances identified by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) as of emerging concern for the marine environment have been used as a starting point. Results and conclusions:The study presents data of 19 emerging flame retardants and degradation products, 40 per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and three cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS). Among the emerging flame retardants, only Dec 602 was detected in all samples of 2015. Dec 604, Cl 10 -antiDP, 1,5-DPMA, EH-TBB, PBEB, TBP-AE, BATE, BTBPE and HBBz were constantly < limit of quantification (LOQ). Time trends were barely detected. Legacy PBDE still dominates in most samples. PFAS concentrations were usually higher in samples from the North Sea sites compared to samples from the Baltic Sea. PFOS dominated in most samples. Increasing trends over time were detected for PFNA, PFDA and PFDoDA at the Baltic Sea site and for PFDA at one North Sea site. Concentrations of the cVMS D4, D5 and D6 were below the detection limit at the ESB sampling sites. Based on the results, it should be considered to include the emerging flame retardants DP and Dec 602 and the long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA and PFDoDA in a regular monitoring in the North and Baltic Seas.

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Anti‐drip flame retardant poly(urethane‐imide) thin films for high‐temperature applications

Meena

Roy

Jacob

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The present work deals with developing anti-drip, flame-retardant, poly(urethane-imide) copolymer films for potential use in specialized applications.PUI formulations containing varying amounts of different flame retardants were prepared to achieve UL-94 VTM-0 rating without any melt-drip. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that PUI exhibits multi-step degradation. The presence of flame-retardant additives operating through a condensed phase mechanism was found to reduce the initial degradation temperature and increase char yield. SEM imaging of the char residue revealed the intumescent behavior of PUI with APP and PEPA additives. Both these additives were found to be effective flame retardants for PUI films. The addition of 25% APP and 25% PEPA led to VTM-0 and VTM-1 ratings, respectively, without melt drip. DOPO, a representative vapor phase flame retardant, was also found to be effective for PUIs, with 25% DOPO introduction resulting in a VTM-0 rating. Conventional phosphate-based flame retardants, such as triethyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and triphenyl phosphate, were found to be relatively ineffective for PUI films. Interestingly, the mechanical properties of PUI improved significantly upon the introduction of flame-retardant additives. High thermal stability, and anti-drip flame retardant properties, bestows these formulated PUIs excellent candidature as materials for applications where flame retardancy with anti-drip is mandatory.anti-drip, flame retardant, phosphorous based flame retardants, poly(urethane-imide) | INTRODUCTIONPolyurethanes exhibit excellent properties such as hightensile strength, hydrolytic stability, and abrasion resistance, with numerous applications in the textile, automobile, construction, wire and cable, and footwear industries. 1,2 However, its low thermal stability, excessive melt dripping when subjected to heat flux, and a sharp decline in the mechanical properties around 80-90 C restrict its usage in applications where high-thermal stability is mandated, like fireresistant clothing, high-temperature insulation material, etc. 3,4 The thermo-mechanical properties of polyurethanes

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Bioaccumulation of Selected Halogenated Organic Flame Retardants in Lake Ontario

Cited by 21 publications

References 60 publications

Selection and application of trophic magnification factors for priority substances to normalize freshwater fish monitoring data under the European Water Framework Directive: a case study

Selection and application of trophic magnification factors for priority substances to normalize freshwater fish monitoring data under the European Water Framework Directive: a case study

Chemicals of emerging concern in marine specimens of the German Environmental Specimen Bank

Anti‐drip flame retardant poly(urethane‐imide) thin films for high‐temperature applications

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