Bioactive Carbohydrates and Recently Discovered Analogues as Chemotherapeutics

Abstract

Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, the "simple flu" or HIV and HBV, are killing more than 50,000 people a day according to estimations by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Consequently, the development of biologically active agents in general, such as antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, is of great importance. Hand in hand with the understanding of the mechanisms of biological agents, structures carrying sugar moieties have become increasingly important during the last decades. This review will cover the most recent developments in the field of new antibiotics and synthetic agents containing carbohydrates which are active against tuberculosis and malaria. In addition, compounds having antiviral, antibacterial and anticancer properties will be examined. Compounds such as aminoglycosides, iminosugars, carbacycles, nucleosides, and other selected substance classes will be considered.

The sp 2 -iminosugar glycolipid 1-dodecylsulfonyl-5 N ,6 O -oxomethylidenenojirimycin (DSO 2 -ONJ) as selective anti-inflammatory agent by modulation of hemeoxygenase-1 in Bv.2 microglial cells and retinal explants

“…Various medicinal plant bioactive extracts and their identified/isolated active constituents have shown a variety of medicinal pharmacological properties against chronic diseases with an inflammatory component such as T2DM [23,24]. Iminosugar glycosyl hydrolase inhibitors such as 1-deoxynojimycin [25,26] and castanospermine, bear strong potential in therapies such as cancer, viral infections [27,28], tuberculosis [29], diabetes and glycosphingolipid storage disorders [30,31] with tap water and allowed to dry, and 1% SDS was added to solubilize them. The absorbance of each plate was read spectrophotometrically at 560 nm.…”

Conformationally-Locked N-Glycosides with Selective β-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity: Identification of a New Non-Iminosugar-Type Pharmacological Chaperone for Gaucher Disease

“…Examples include the treatment of viral infections, 1,2 such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human hepatitis C (HCV) or dengue virus, cancer, 3−5 diabetes, 6−8 tuberculosis, 9,10 and lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), 11−16 which has strongly stimulated research in this area of glycobiology. 17,18 With few exceptions, 19,20 the glycosidase inhibitors under study as drug candidates mimic the glycone moiety of the putative substrate, which is shared within a series of isoenzymes and enzymes acting on anomeric substrates.…”

Molecular Basis for β‐Glucosidase Inhibition by Ring‐Modified Calystegine Analogues

“…[2,3] Similar to the well-studied polyhydroxypiperidine, indolizidine, pyrrolidine and pyrrolizidine-type iminocyclitols, [4] calystegines exhibit potent glycoside hydrolase (glycosidase) inhibitory properties. Given the broad range of biological events in which glycosidases are involved, inhibitors of these enzymes have potential in therapies that are targeted at, for example, cancer, [5] viral infections, [6] tuberculosis, [7] diabetes [8] and glycosphingolipid storage disorders.…”