Bioactive Components of Polyphenol-Rich and Non-Polyphenol-Rich Cranberry Fruit Extracts and Their Chemopreventive Effects on Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer

Abstract

Cranberries contain various constituents relevant to human health. Our previous study demonstrated the chemopreventive effects of whole cranberry against colon cancer in mice. In order to determine the role of different cranberry secondary metabolites in inhibiting colon cancer, cranberry ethyl acetate extract (EAE) and polyphenol extract (PPE) were obtained. The free-radical scavenging activities and chemical composition of the cranberry extracts were determined. EAE consisted of triterpenes and sterols and a trace amount of proanthocyanidins. PPE mainly contained polyphenol with a trace amount of triterpenes. The chemopreventive effects of orally administered EAE and PPE on colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis were determined in mice. Dietary EAE and PPE significantly suppressed tumor metrics without noticeable adverse effects. Gene expression levels of key proinflammatory cytokines were also attenuated by EAE and PPE in the mouse colon. In conclusion, the novel cranberry extracts may offer an efficacious and safe means to prevent colonic tumorigenesis in humans.

Proanthocyanidin-enriched cranberry extract induces resilient bacterial community dynamics in a gnotobiotic mouse model

“…Quantitative 1 H NMR analysis found no detectable content of ursolic and oleanolic acids, triterpenoids, which are typically present in the peel of cranberry fruit and associated with the chemopreventive properties of cranberry[6, 7]. Whole cranberry fruit contains approximately 10 mg/g dry weight, or 1% ursolic acid, but due to its low water-solubility, cranberry juice and products derived from juice are much lower in triterpenoid content [8].…”

“…[36]. Briefly, analyses employed a Waters Atlantis C18 column (100 Å, 3 μm, 3.9 mm x 150 mm) and gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min with mobile phases consisting of 99.5:0.5 (v/v) water:phosphoric acid (A) and 50:48.5:1:0.5 (v/v/v/v) water:acetonitrile:acetic acid:phosphoric acid (B) according to a published gradient scheme as in [48] Flavonol glycosides were detected at a wavelength of 355 nm and quantified based on a quercetin-3-O-glycoside standard; anthocyanins were detected at 520 nm and quantified based on cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and peonidin-3-O-galactoside standards as previously described [6].…”

“…Consuming foods high in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols or dietary fiber may therefore provide a preventative strategy to mitigate these conditions and reduce colon cancer risk. Previous studies by us, using a DSS-AOM mouse model of colitis-induced colon tumorigenesis, showed a significant reduction in colon tumors and tissue inflammation in mice fed either whole cranberry powder[5] or cranberry extracts rich in either polyphenol or non-polyphenol constituents of cranberry[6]. Multiple compounds in cranberries including flavonoids, PACs and triterpenoids have also been reported to reduce tumor cell growth and proliferation, stimulate apoptosis, induce cell cycle arrest and alter associated signaling processes in cells [7–10].…”

Impact of heat treatment on anti-oxidative and anti-colon cancer activities of the soluble extracts from black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) using water and ethanol–water solvents

“…37,38 In especial, plant extracts rich in polyphenols also had been veried to have anticancer effect on oral, prostate, colon, and breast cancer cells. [39][40][41][42] In the most cases, plant foods are mostly consumed only aer their storage or industrial/domestic processing.…”

Proanthocyanidin-enriched cranberry extract induces resilient bacterial community dynamics in a gnotobiotic mouse model

“…Consuming foods high in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols or dietary fiber, may therefore provide a preventative strategy to mitigate these conditions and reduce colon cancer risk. Using a DSS-AOM (dextran sodium sulphat -azoxymethane) mouse model of colitisinduced colon tumorigenesis, previous studies by us showed a significant reduction in colon tumors and tissue inflammation in mice fed either whole cranberry powder or cranberry extracts rich in either polyphenols or nonpolyphenol constituents of cranberry [10,11]. Multiple compounds in cranberries including flavonoids, PACs and triterpenoids have also been reported to reduce tumor cell growth and proliferation, stimulate apoptosis, induce cell cycle arrest, and alter associated signaling processes in cells [12][13][14][15].…”