Bioactive compounds and ethnomedicinal uses of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels-A comprehensive review

Abstract

Sea buckthorn fruits were used as raw material for the extraction of bioactive compounds as a first important step in phytochemicals further valorization in different industries using three extraction methods: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and conventional extraction method. Both modern methods offer many advantages compared with the conventional solvent extraction, in terms of the solvent and parameters of extractions used. The results illustrated that the UAE gives comparable values for extraction efficiency. The process conditions for maximum phytochemical extraction were time of 45 min; temperature of 40 °C, frequency of 40 kHz, and power of 100 W. The extraction protocol revealed a total carotenoid content of 42.43±0.17µg/g DW, a β-carotene content of 35.35±0.06 µg/g DW, and a lycopene content of 9.82±0.03 µg/g DW when an solvent mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (2:1) was used for extraction. Higher values of TPC (805.34±5.5 mg GAE/g DW), TFC, (211.65±0.75 mg CE/g DW) and antioxidant activity of 2.15±0.01 µg Trolox/ml extract (DPPH) and 3.47±0.03 µg Trolox/ml extract (ABTS) were obtained when using ethanol:acetone solvent mixture (4:3).