Bioactive Peptides from Edible Mushrooms—The Preparation, Mechanisms, Structure—Activity Relationships and Prospects

Abstract

Mushroom bioactive peptides (MBPs) are bioactive peptides extracted directly or indirectly from edible mushrooms. MBPs are known to have antioxidant, anti-aging, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive properties, and facilitate memory and cognitive improvement, antitumour and anti-diabetes activities, and cholesterol reduction. MBPs exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the MAPK, Keap1-Nrf2-ARE, NF-κB and TNF pathways. In addition, MBPs exert antibacterial, anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory effects by stimulating the proliferation of macrophages. The bioactivities of MBPs are closely related to their molecular weights, charge, amino acid compositions and amino acid sequences. Compared with animal-derived peptides, MBPs are ideal raw materials for healthy and functional products with the advantages of their abundance of resources, safety, low price, and easy-to-achieve large-scale production of valuable nutrients for health maintenance and disease prevention. In this review, the preparation, bioactivities, mechanisms and structure–activity relationships of MBPs were described. The main challenges and prospects of their application in functional products were also discussed. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive perspective of MBPs.

Bioactive Compounds Produced by Macromycetes for Application in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Patents and Products

“…Proteins can encode and generate a wide variety of bioactive peptides, which can be released without losing their bioactive properties. In fact, peptides from proteins seem to have enhanced bioactivity compared to the properties of whole proteins, mainly because their smaller size increases their ability to cross biological barriers, such as cell membranes, and then be absorbed by cells [56].…”

“…Some antibacterial MBPs appear to be positively charged, which, when combined with the negative charges of chemokine receptors on the surface of bacterial cells, cause their depolarization through electrostatic interactions, leading to cell rupture and, consequently, death of the microorganism [56]. This mechanism hinders the development of so-called bacterial resistance to antibiotics, which increases their pharmaceutical potential [3].…”

“…Some peptides have been shown to be cytotoxic in treatments against tumor cell lines, reduce cell proliferation rates in mitochondrial pathways and promote expression of tumorigenesis-suppressing caspases in certain types of cancer. These characteristics make them powerful candidates for use as adjuvant agents in conventional treatments (e.g., immunoconjugates or linked to chemotherapeutic agents) or even as alternative medicines to aggressive anti-tumor treatments [54,56].…”

Isolation, Identification, Activity Evaluation, and Mechanism of Action of Neuroprotective Peptides from Walnuts: A Review

“…These methods include natural extraction, chemical synthesis, the chemical hydrolysis of proteins (both acid and alkaline), enzymatic hydrolysis, genetic recombination, and microbial fermentation [ 25 ]. Although the natural extraction method is a straightforward process, it may not be able to produce specific peptides with unique therapeutic properties due to limitations in the availability of natural raw materials [ 25 ]. Chemical synthesis methods are most commonly used to produce pure peptides, which can result in high purity.…”

Wild Mushrooms: A Hidden Treasure of Novel Bioactive Compounds

“…Natural chemicals obtained from mushrooms can be thoroughly investigated and evaluated, which can be extremely beneficial for treating both infectious and noninfectious disorders [ 7 , 8 ]. Medicinal mushrooms and fungi are believed to have 130 different therapeutic properties, including antiallergic [ 9 ], antiarthritic, antiasthmatic [ 10 ], anticancer [ 11 ], pesticide [ 12 ], antidepressive [ 13 ], antidermatophytic [ 14 ], antidiabetic [ 15 ], antifertility, antifungal [ 15 ], antihelminthic [ 16 ], cytotoxic [ 17 ], antihypercholesterolemic [ 18 ], antihyperlipidemic [ 19 ], antihypertensive [ 20 ], antihypocholesterolemic [ 21 ], anti-inflammatory [ 15 ], antimalarial [ 22 ], antimicrobial [ 15 ], antioxidant [ 11 ], antiparasitic [ 23 ], antispasmodic [ 24 ], antiviral [ 13 ], anticardiovascular illnesses [ 18 ], hepatoprotective [ 10 ], immunomodulator [ 22 ], immunostimulant [ 13 ], insecticidal [ 22 ], larvicidal [ 25 ], nematicide [ 26 ], nephroprotective, neuroprotective [ 13 ], osteoprotective [ 4 ], and vasodilator [ 27 ], among others.…”