Bioactive Phytochemicals From Salvia Officinalis Attenuate Cadmium-induced Oxidative Damage and Genotoxicity in Rats

Abstract

This study was conducted to identify the bioactive phytochemicals in Salvia officinalis essential oil, to determine the polyphenols in the aqueous extract (SOE), and to evaluate their protective role against cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative damage, and genotoxicity in rats. Six groups of female rats were treated orally for 2 weeks including the control group, CdCl2-treated group, SOE-treated groups at low or high dose (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w), and CdCl2 plus SOE-treated groups at the two doses. The GC-MS analysis identified 39 compounds the main compounds were 9-Octadecenamide, Eucalyptol, Palmitic acid, Oleic acid. However, the HPLC analysis identified 12 polyphenolic compounds and the majority were coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, coffeic acid, catechin, vanillin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and rutin. In the biological study, rats received CdCl2 displayed severe disturbances in liver and kidney indices (ALT, AST, Alb, TP, T. Bil, D. Bil, creatinine, uric acid, and urea), lipid profile (Cho, TG, HDL, and LDL), serum cytokines (TNF-α, AFP and CEA), antioxidant enzymes (GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT), oxidative stress markers (MDA and NO), gene expressions, DNA fragmentation, and histological alterations in the liver and kidney tissue. SOE showed a potent antioxidant and mitigated these alterations in serum and tissue. Moreover, the high dose succeeded to normalize most of the tested parameters and histological features. It could be concluded that Salvia officinalis is a promising source for bioactive compounds with therapeutically benefits against environmental toxicants.