Bioactive Plant Molecules, Sources and Mechanism of Action in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Liwa, Anthony Cuthbert; Barton, E N; Cole, William C.; Nwokocha, Chukwuemeka R.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802104-0.00015-9

Cited by 32 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 225 publications

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“…A., 2018). Several plant‐based bioactive compounds with validated efficacy are well established as traditional medicines (Liwa, Barton, Cole, & Nwokocha, 2017). Moreover, a healthy diet and lifestyle may also play an important preventive role as there are evidences that a balanced diet, regular exercises and lifestyle modification can help in reducing the CHD by downregulating factors like elevated LDL, TGs, cholesterol, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress (Köhler, Teupser, Elsässer, & Weingärtner, 2017).…”

Section: Treatment Strategies Using Plant‐based Bioactive Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: Association of risk factors and treatment strategies using plant‐based bioactive compounds

et al. 2020

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Under physiological conditions, endothelial cells act as protective barrier which prevents direct contact of blood with circulating factors via production of tissue plasminogen activator. Risk factors of metabolic disorders are responsible to induce endothelial dysfunction and may consequently lead to prognosis of atherosclerosis. This article summarizes the process of atherosclerosis which involves number of sequences including formation and interaction of AGE-RAGE, activation of polyol pathway, protein kinase C, and hexosamine-mediated pathway. All these mechanisms can lead to the development of oxidative stress which may further aggravate condition. Different pharmacological interventions are being used to treat atherosclerosis, however, these might be associated with mild to severe side effects. Therefore, plantbased bioactive compounds having potential to combat and prevent atherosclerosis in diabetic patients are attaining recent focus. By understanding process of development and mechanisms involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation, these bioactive compounds can be better option for future therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis treatment.

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Section: Treatment Strategies Using Plant‐based Bioactive Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mevastatin and lovastatin were the first statins to be discovered. Mevastatin, also known as mevinolin, was isolated from Penicillium citrinum (Liwa et al, 2017). Lovastatin, also known as monacolin K, was first isolated from Aspergillus terreus .…”

Section: Treatment Strategies Using Plant‐based Bioactive Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: Association of risk factors and treatment strategies using plant‐based bioactive compounds

et al. 2020

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“…Bile acid sequestrants (resins), such as colestipol and cholestyramine, reduce LDL‐C by ≈15–26%, raise HDL‐C modestly, but can also raise triglycerides, particularly if fasting triglycerides are elevated . While resins can reduce CVD events, tolerability and adherence are poor, predominantly due to gastrointestinal side‐effects …”

Section: Non‐statin Prescription Ldl‐c Lowering Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suggested clinical approach for the diagnosis and management of ‘statin intolerance’ with an emphasis on muscle‐related side‐effects

Sivashanmugarajah

Fulcher

Sullivan

et al. 2019

Internal Medicine Journal

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Hyperlipidaemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors ('statins') are first-line therapies for hyperlipidaemia. For each 1.0 mmoL/L reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, statins reduce the risk of major vascular events by 21% and all-cause mortality by 9%. Owing to their clinical effectiveness and excellent safety profile, many Australians are prescribed statins. There has been widespread reporting of possible sideeffects, particularly muscle pains. Conversely, statin cessation relating to possible sideeffects exposes patients to increased risk of vascular events and death. Although there is clinical consensus for diagnosing rare side-effects (e.g. myopathy or rhabdomyolysis), confirming that statins cause other less common side-effects (e.g. memory impairment) is difficult as strong randomised trial evidence related to statins and non-muscle-related side-effects is lacking. A stepwise approach to possible statin intolerance, consistent definitions and a simple flowchart may improve diagnosis and management. An increasing array of potential treatments is emerging, including intermittent statin dosing, new LDLlowering drugs, LDL apheresis and supplements. Optimal statin use and management of statin intolerance should improve cardiovascular care and clinical outcomes.

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“…Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq is an edible jelly-like fruit belonging to the soapberry family, Sapindaceae . It is commonly referred to as Guinep, Spanish Lime, Quenepa, and it is native to the Americas and the Caribbean 1 . M. bijugatus is an excellent source of glucose, fructose, cellulose and vitamin A, which boosts the immune system and prevents the formation of urinary stones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypotensive and antihypertensive effects of an aqueous extract from Guinep fruit (Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq) in rats

Nwokocha

Gordon

Palacios

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq (Mb) has been reported to have cardiovascular modulatory effects. In this study, we evaluated the antihypertensive effects and mechanism of action of Mb on NG-Nitro-l-arginine Methyl Ester (l-NAME) and Deoxycorticosterone Acetate (DOCA) rat models. Aqueous extract of Mb fruit (100 mg/kg) was administered for 6 weeks to rats by gavage and blood pressure was recorded. Effects of the extract on vascular reactivity was evaluated using isolated organ baths, and tissues were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced with extract (100 mg/kg) administration and treatment compared to the hypertensive models. Mb (100 µg/mL) reduced the vascular contractility induced by phenylephrine (PE), and caused a dose-dependent relaxation of PE-induced contraction of aortic vascular rings. The vasorelaxation properties seemed to be endothelium dependent, as well as nitric oxide (NO) and guanylyl cyclase, but not prostaglandin dependent. Histomicrograph of transverse sections of the ventricles from the Mb group did not show abnormalities. The extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced an l-NAME induced elevation of cardiac output and Creatine Kinase Muscle-Brain (CKMB), but had no significant impact on the activities of arylamine N-acetyltransferase. In conclusion, Mb significantly decreased blood pressure in hypertensive models. The extract possesses the ability to induce endothelium dependent vasodilation, which is dependent on guanylyl cyclase but not prostaglandins.

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Bioactive Plant Molecules, Sources and Mechanism of Action in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Cited by 32 publications

References 225 publications

Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: Association of risk factors and treatment strategies using plant‐based bioactive compounds

Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: Association of risk factors and treatment strategies using plant‐based bioactive compounds

Suggested clinical approach for the diagnosis and management of ‘statin intolerance’ with an emphasis on muscle‐related side‐effects

Hypotensive and antihypertensive effects of an aqueous extract from Guinep fruit (Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq) in rats

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