Bioactivity and Chemical Characterization of Sudanese Bee Honey: Crude Acacia and Its Organic Extracts

Abstract

Honey has recently been rediscovered as an antibacterial and wound-healing natural product. The medicinal properties of honey originate from the floral source used by bees. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Sudanese crude acacia bee honey and its solvent extracts regarding its biological activity and chemical characterization. To verify the nature of the antibacterial agent(s) of honey, sample (A) Sudanese crude unprocessed acacia bee honey obtained from west of Sudan (Nyala) during October 2019 was tested in vitro for antibacterial activity against 10 standard microorganisms Enterobacter aerogenes: ATCC: 13048, Enterococcus faecalis: ATCC: 29212, Escherichia coli: ATCC: 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae: ATCC: 700603, Pseudomonas aeruginosa: ATCC: 27853, Serratia marcescens: ATCC: 8100, Staphylococcus aureus: ATCC: 29213, Staphylococcus epidermidis: ATCC: 12228, Staphylococcus Methicillin Sensitive MSSA: ATCC: 29213, and Staphylococcus Methicillin-Resistant MRSA: ATCC: 23591. Extraction of honey sample was carried out by petroleum ether followed by ethyl acetate using liquid/liquid extraction technique, using separating funnels. All organic extracts in addition to their aqueous residue were tested in vitro for antibacterial activity against the10 standard microorganisms. Ethyl acetate extract was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for chemical characterization. Sudanese crude unprocessed acacia honey showed inhibitory effects against the 10 standard microorganisms. Petroleum ether extract showed no antibacterial activity against the tested organisms, while its water residue exhibited remarkable activity. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the tested organisms, while its aqueous residue showed no activity. Ethyl acetate extract subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) showed twenty-one chemical constituents. The GC-MS showed twenty-one chemical compounds, and phenolic compound was the highest concentration. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited strong antibacterial activity which can be formulated as topical dressing for wounds and burns. The usage of honey in a professional context should be taken into consideration while treating burns and wounds.

The impact of wound pH on the antibacterial properties of Medical Grade Honey when applied to bacterial isolates present in common foot and ankle wounds. An in vitro study

“…The findings of this investigation can concur with in vitro work by Wadi [54] as they too found honey to be effective at reducing bacterial bioburden for clinical isolates similar to those found in foot and ankle wounds including S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa . Authors [54] however tested various different honey samples and did not alter pH. They did however compare their findings to common clinically used antibiotics and identified that honey was more effective at controlling bacterial growth [38].…”

“…In recent years, greater interest is evident for evaluating the effects of honey on antibiotic resistant organisms, as well as the use of honey as a wound management alternative to antibiotic therapy and other conventional wound dressings [38]. The findings of this investigation can concur with in vitro work by Wadi [54] as they too found honey to be effective at reducing bacterial bioburden for clinical isolates similar to those found in foot and ankle wounds including S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa . Authors [54] however tested various different honey samples and did not alter pH.…”

“…The findings of this study alongside the findings of similar aforementioned research carried out within the area [33, 46, 52, 54], would suggest that MGH should be considered as the treatment of choice for foot and ankle wounds of mixed aetiology regardless of the presenting pH environment. MGH has been shown to reduce bacterial load of commonly found bacteria isolates to undetectable levels, a key to preventing infection and thus aiding with the healing process.…”

Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de resíduos agroindustriais sobre patógenos de doenças orais e sistêmicas

“…As Estudos sobre as atividades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas do mel e da própolis foram realizados e reportados há muitos anos por diversos autores (Mandal et al, 2010;Neupane et al, 2014;Wadi, 2014). Também há muitos relatos de atividades da própolis de diversos tipos contra bactérias como a E. coli (Garedew et al, 2004), S. aureus (Lu et al, 2005), Streptococcus sp.…”