Bioactivity and Physicochemical Properties of Three Calcium Silicate‐Based Cements: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

Objective. This study evaluated the bioactivity and physicochemical properties of three commercial calcium silicate-based endodontic materials (MTA, EndoSequence Root Repair Material putty, and Biodentine™). Material and Methods. Horizontal sections of 3 mm thickness from 18 root canals of human teeth were subjected to biomechanical preparation with WaveOne Gold large rotary instruments. The twelve specimens were filled with three tested materials (MM-MTA, EndoSequence Root Repair Material putty, and Biodentine™) and immersed in phosphate-buffered saline for 7 and 30 days. After this period of time, each specimen of each material was processed for morphological observation, surface precipitates, and interfacial dentin using SEM. In addition, the surface morphology of the set materials, without soaking in phosphate-buffered solution after one day and after 28 days stored in phosphate-buffered saline, was evaluated using SEM; also, the pH of the soaking water and the amount of calcium ions released from the test materials were measured by using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy test. Data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s honest significant difference test with a significance level of 5%. Result. The formation of precipitates was observed on the surfaces of all materials at 1 week and increased substantially over time. Interfacial layers in some areas of the dentin-cement interface were found from one week of immersion. All the analyzed materials showed alkaline pH and capacity to release calcium ions; however, the concentrations of released calcium ions were significantly more in Biodentine and ESRRM putty than MM-MTA (P<0.05). ESRRM putty maintained a pH of around 11 after 28 days. Conclusion. Compared with MM-MTA, Biodentine and ESRRM putty showed significantly more calcium ion release. However, exposure of three tested cements to phosphate-buffered solution resulted in precipitation of apatite crystalline structures over both cement and dentin that increased over time. This suggests that the tested materials are bioactive.

Minimal Intervention in Dentistry: A Literature Review on Biodentine as a Bioactive Pulp Capping Material

“…The reaction of the powder with the liquid forms silicate hydrate gel and CH as a byproduct. CH dissociates into hydroxyl (OH − ) and calcium ions (Ca +2 ), increasing the pH and Ca +2 concentrations [ 13 , 17 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 29 , 42 , 44 , 47 , 48 ] ( Figure 1 ).…”

“…Bioactivity of Biodentine [13,17,22,24,26,29,42,44,47,48] (Figure 1). Ca 2+ released from CSCs promotes their bioactivity and apatite-forming properties [44,73].…”

“…An increase in Ca 2+ release is also suggestive of OHrelease [26]. OHhas been reported to increase the pH of the surrounding tissue [22,37,44,47] and to provide for the antimicrobial effect of Biodentine [63][64][65][66][67][68]. An alkaline environment has been reported to trigger and promote the process of tissue repair [76][77][78].…”

“…Based on this broad definition, biologically active materials may include those that promote tissue regeneration by stimulating migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of the cells. The growth of a layer of apatite on CSCs is an ideal environment for stem cell and osteoblast differentiation and colonization to support new hard tissue formation [19,22,47,[56][57][58][59][60][61][62]. Apatite together with the epigenetic signals correlated to ion release may well explain the bioactivity of Biodentine.…”

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Influence on Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) from Substrate Supplementation of Calcium Silicate

“…Calcium silicate bases have many applications and are used in different areas. They are used in the biomedical field, where they have shown great biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and bioactivity; the latter plays a fundamental role in the regeneration and healing of tissues, and the performance of calcium silicate materials is largely attributable to their bioactivity [8][9][10]. It has also been widely used in the production and cultivation of different plant crops [11][12][13][14][15].…”