The
chemical composition of commercial Syzygium
aromaticum, Cinnamomum verum, and Laurus nobilis essential oils
as well as their antifungal activity against four pathogenic fungi
isolated from Mediterranean rice grains has been investigated. Eighty
nine compounds accounting for between 98.5 and 99.4% of the total
essential oil were identified. The phenylpropanoids eugenol (89.37
± 0.29%) and eugenol (56.34 ± 0.41%), followed by eugenol
acetate (19.48 ± 0.13%) were, respectively, the main compounds
in clove and cinnamon essential oils, whereas large amounts of the
oxygenated monoterpenes 1,8-cineole (58.07 ± 0.83%) and α-terpinyl
acetate (13.05 ± 0.44%) were found in bay leaf essential oil.
Clove and cinnamon oils showed the best antifungal activity results
against all tested fungi. Against Alternaria alternata, clove essential oil displayed the best antifungal effect, whereas
against Curvularia hawaiiensis, cinnamon
essential oil was more active. Both essential oils showed a similar
antifungal effect towards Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium oxysporum. In vitro
studies in inoculated rice grains showed that clove and cinnamon totally
inhibited pathogenic fungal development after 30 days of incubation.
In vivo studies showed that eugenol used with a polysaccharide such
as agar–agar formed a fine coat which wraps the inoculated
rice grains, creating a natural biofilm and reducing the development
of all pathogenic fungi (80–95%) for 30 days.