Bioactivity of Flavonoid in Ethanol Extract of Annona squamosa L. Fruit as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor

Abstract

The global gout prevalence was increased rapidly in recent decades, especially in some developing countries. One of the most commonly used to treat gout is allopurinol, that act as xanthine oxidase inhibitor. However, consuming allopurinol in the long term can cause some unwanted side effects. On the other hand, many kinds of flavonoid compounds identified in some Indonesian grown plants have bioactivity as xanthine oxidase inhibitor. One of that is sugar apple (Annona squamosa L. fruit). Therefore, the aims of this study were to isolate the flavonoid compounds in ethanol extracts of sugar apple and to test the activity as xanthine oxidase inhibitor relative to allopurinol. The study has been carried out in some phases: (1) flavonoid extraction using 70% ethanol, (2) purification of the flavonoid isolate using n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate as solvent, (3) flavonoids identification and (4) inhibitory activity test against xanthine oxidase, relative to allopurinol using spectroscopy methods. The results have shown that: from 275 grams of sugar apple fruit can be isolated 6 grams of flavonoid with the purity of 95.26% (according to HPLC peak) and has xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was higher (83%) than allopurinol (48%) at the same concentration (100 ppm). Moreover, based on in silico study, there was also confirmed that a flavonoid compound found in Annona squamosa L., has higher binding affinity to the xanthine oxidase than allopurinol. This result thus indicated the flavonoid isolated from Annona squamosa L. might be a promising herbal drug for gout treatment.

LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolics from Custard Apple Fruit and By-Products

“…The concentrations of quercetin-3galactoside (RT = 39.624 min) and quercetin-3-glucoside (RT = 40.485 min) were similar, while a much lower concentration was reported for quercetin-3-rhamnoside. Alvionita and Oktavia [81] reported the presence of quercetin-3-glucoside in the leaf extracts of Annona squamosa L. and indicated that this compound has the properties of an antigout drug due to the strong inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase. Quercetin was present in both peel and seed portions of Pink's Mammoth.…”

Comparative Study of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity Of Methanolic Leaf Extracts Of CalophyllumBlancoi (Bitaog), Diospyrospilosanthera (Bolongeta) and SyzygiumCumini (Duhat)

“…Furthermore, according to Bakar et al (2018), Momordicacharantia, Chrysanthemum indicum, Cinnamomum cassia, Kaempferiagalanga, Artemisia vulgaris, and Morindaelliptica had higher percentages of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (>85%) because of their diverse natural bioactive compounds, which include lavonoids, phenolics, tannin, coumarins, luteolin, and apigenin. Besides these plants, Alvionita et al (2019) reported that a lavonoid compound found in Annona squamosal L., has higher binding af inity to the xanthine oxidase than allopurinol which indicated that this plant may be a promising herbal drug for gout treatment. In a review done by Kapoor et al (2017) on over 130 medicinal plants, they concluded that these plants exhibit anti-gout effect by different mechanisms, such as XO inhibition, uricosuric activity, anti-in lammatory activity, and antioxidant activity.…”