Bioactivity of Polyphenols: Preventive and Adjuvant Strategies toward Reducing Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—Promises, Perspectives, and Pitfalls

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by autoimmune and inflammation-related complications of the large intestine (ulcerative colitis) and additional parts of the digestive tract (Crohn's disease). Complications include pain, diarrhoea, chronic inflammation, and cancer. IBD prevalence has increased during the past decades, especially in Westernized countries, being as high as 1%. As prognosis is poor and medication often ineffective or causing side effects, additional preventive/adjuvant strategies are sought. A possible approach is via diets rich in protective constituents. Polyphenols, the most abundant phytochemicals, have been associated with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic properties. Locally reducing oxidative stress, they can further act on cellular targets, altering gene expression related to inflammation, including NF-κB, Nrf-2, Jak/STAT, and MAPKs, suppressing downstream cytokine formation (e.g., IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and boosting the bodies' own antioxidant status (HO-1, SOD, and GPx). Moreover, they may promote, as prebiotics, healthy microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacteria, Akkermansia), short-chain fatty acid formation, and reduced gut permeability/improved tight junction stability. However, potential adverse effects such as acting as prooxidants, or perturbations of efflux transporters and phase I/II metabolizing enzymes, with increased uptake of undesired xenobiotics, should also be considered. In this review, we summarize current knowledge around preventive and arbitrary actions of polyphenols targeting IBD.

Influence of Extraction Parameters on the Yield, Phytochemical, TLC-Densitometric Quantification of Quercetin, and LC-MS Profile, and how to Standardize Different Batches for Long Term from Ageratum conyoides L. Leaves

“…12 It is believed that bioactive compounds from plant foods may have health beneficial effects and reduce the risk of diseases. 13 This work focused on the discussion of effect of various extraction conditions to the chemical compounds and quercetin content in the extract as extractable matter. The extractable water can be used as indicator to choose the suitable extraction technique.…”

The Potency of Indonesia’s Pomegranate Peel Ethanol Extract (Punica Granatum Linn.) as Anti-Inflammatory Agent in Mice Colon Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate: Focus on Cyclooxygenase-2 and Inos Expressions

“…Currently, some medicinal herbs are widely studied as UC therapies such as apples, blackberries, green tea, curcuma, and pomegranate [15]. Some of the medicinal herb mentioned, pomegranate is one of the plants that have been studied many effects such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidants, and neuroprotective [16][17][18][19].…”

Advancing in the Direction of Right Solutions: Treating Multidrug-Resistant Pneumonia

“…Buret [75] reported that some antibiotics, such as the 16-membered macrolide tilmicosin, may generate anti-inlammatory beneits by modulating the production of pro-inlammatory mediators, and by inducing neutrophil apoptosis. Many studies have highlighted that adjuvants co-administered with antibiotics reduce the oxidative stress, which in turn reduce inlammation [76,77]. Dwivedi et al [78] reported that AAE used for 21 days, the levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxidase dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase), along with xanthine oxidase, lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, hepatic, and renal parameters were signiicantly improved in plasma and tissues of the AAEtreated group indicating antioxidant or free radical scavenging properties [50].…”