Bioamine receptors: Evolutionary and functional variations of a structural leitmotiv

Vernier, Philippe; Piégay, Hervé; Samama, Philippe; Mallet, Jacques

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7265-2_17

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…The D, receptor clearly diverged from an ancestor gene long before the DZ-D3 duplication. Uncertainties on the molecular clock did not allow us to date these duplications with confidence [44]. (B) Comparison of the introns in the coding regions of the D, receptor, the D, receptor 1401 and the D, receptor [41] genes.…”

Section: Fig 5 Phylogenetics Of the Dopamine Receptors (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A D,-like subfamily and a D, -like subfamily were distinguished on the basis of their pharmacological profiles ; molecular phylogeny provides a similar classification. If other bioamine receptors are included in such a study [44], the D, subfamily appears no more closely connected to the D, subfamily than it is to other subfamilies like, for instance, the p, adrenergic or the 5-HT2 receptor subfamilies ; this tree topology reflects the convergence during evolution of these two types of seven-transmembranedomain receptors towards the same ligand (dopamine) rather than a divergence following the duplication of an ancestor dopaminergic-receptor gene. This analysis also indicates that the duplication giving rise to the D, and D, receptor genes occurred after a first duplication isolating the D, receptor gene.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Transcription of the rat dopamine‐D2‐receptor gene from two promoters

Valdenaire

Vernier

Maus

et al. 1994

European Journal of Biochemistry

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Modulation of the expression of the D,-dopamine receptor gene is involved in several pathological and developmental circumstances. The gene and the corresponding promoter regions of the rat D, receptor were isolated and partly characterized to study its regulation. The rat D,-receptor gene spans at least 50 kb, and possesses eight exons; its organization was compared to those of the other dopamine-receptor genes in a phylogenetic perspective. The gene contains two transcription-start sites: the major one is located about 320 bp upstream from the 3' end of the first exon, and a minor site is 70 bp further upstream. Transient-expression assays with fusion constructs comprising fragments of the D,-promoter region and the luciferase reporter gene confirmed the existence of two independent, TATA-lacking promoters. Both promoters separately induced transcription of the luciferase gene in C6 glioma, primary fibroblasts, GH3 and MMQ pituitary cell lines, among which only the MMQ cells normally express the D, receptor. Transcription is enhanced by the reunion of the two promoters, and modified by the addition of upstream sequences. Thus the 1-kb promoter region analysed does not contain all the elements necessary to confer tissue-specific expression of the gene, but does carry some positive and negative regulatory elements, which remain to be characterized.The D, dopaminergic receptor belongs to a membraneprotein superfamily which activates a very large range of cellular responses through a coupling to heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G-proteins) [l-41. The dopamine-D2-receptor molecule has seven hydrophobic segments, which are presumed to cross the plasma membrane and are the hallmark of this protein family. The length of the third cytoplasmic loop is variable, at least in mammals [5-141, due'to alternative splicing of an exon. The D, receptor alone mediates the activity of dopamine in anterior and intermediary pituitary cells. In addition, it is involved in the important effects of dopamine in the central nervous system, mainly in the hypothalamus and the basal ganglia. In particular, it has been suggested that the sensorimotor impairment which defines Parkinsonian syndromes results from the lack of Dgeceptor activation, although the contribution of this [4, 151. In these pathological conditions, elicited either by receptor blockade or by a dysfunction of dopamine synthesis and release in the striatum, it has been shown that D, receptors are upregulated [16]. This could result in part from the increased synthesis of the receptor protein [17, 181. The expression of the D, receptor is modulated by chronic exposure to agonist in tumor cell lines, resulting either in up-regulation or down-regulation of the receptor function, depending on the cell type [19, 201. Among steroids, estrogen treatment has also been shown to increase the level of the D2 receptor in the striatum and pituitary gland, although the mechanism is unclear [21]. D, receptor synthesis is developmentally regulated both in...

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Section: Fig 5 Phylogenetics Of the Dopamine Receptors (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcription of the rat dopamine‐D2‐receptor gene from two promoters

Valdenaire

Vernier

Maus

et al. 1994

European Journal of Biochemistry

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“…For example, invertebrates and vertebrates both use G-protein-coupled receptors for olfaction, but there is no homology among the families used for olfaction in different bilaterian lineages [Gaillard et al, 2004]. On the opposite side, G-protein-coupled receptors that have very conserved ligands, such as neurotransmitter receptors, are highly conserved and one can clearly match up orthologues in different bilaterian lineages [Vernier et al, 1993;Walker et al, 1996]. For example, by sequence alone, one can predict whether a new Aplysia G-protein-coupled receptor is a serotonin receptor or a dopamine receptor [Barbas et al, 2003[Barbas et al, , 2006.…”

Section: The Driving Force For the Poor Retention Of Extracellular Homentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracing the Evolution and Function of the Trk Superfamily of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Sossin¹

2006

Brain Behav Evol

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Most growth factors and their receptors have been strongly conserved during evolution. In contrast, Trks (Tropomyosin-related kinases) and related receptors in the Trk superfamily, Rors (receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors), Musks (muscle specific kinases) and Ddrs (discoidin domain receptor family), appear to be ancient, but their function has been lost in multiple lineages and the roles for the receptors have been modified over time. We will trace the evolution of the Trk superfamily and discuss possible conserved functional roles, including a unifying theme of target recognition by growing axons. We present an analogy between the evolution of G-protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), proposing that an important driving force for the divergence of receptors is the ease of divergence of their ligands.

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“…Interestingly, an initiator sequence is also present in the rat D 2 dopamine receptor promoter (Minowa et al . 1992b) which is another similarity between these two phylogenetically related genes (Vernier et al . 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Characterization of the 5′ flanking region of the rat D₃ dopamine receptor gene

D’Souza

Wang

Gao

et al. 2001

Journal of Neurochemistry

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The D 3 dopamine receptor has a restricted regional distribution in brain and is regulated by dopaminergic agents. Additionally, the D 3 gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric disorders or in their response to pharmacological agents. Elucidating its transcription control mechanisms is therefore of interest in order to explain these biological features of the D 3 gene. In this study, the 5 H¯a nking region of the rat D 3 gene was characterized by isolating the 5 H end of its cDNA as well as 4.6 kb of genomic sequence. Analysis of this region revealed the presence of two new exons 196-bp and 120-bp long, separated by an 855-bp intron, located several kilobases upstream of the previously published coding exons. Thus, current evidence indicates that the rat D 3 gene is organized into eight exons. Transcription initiation site was determined by primer extension analysis and repeated rounds of 5 H RACE and was found to localize at a pyrimidine-rich consensus`initiator' sequence, similar to the rat D 2 gene. The D 3 promoter lacks TATA or CAAT boxes but unlike that of other dopamine receptor genes has only 52% GC content. Functional analysis of D 3 promoter deletion mutants fused to a reporter gene in TE671 cells, which endogenously express this gene, revealed strong transcriptional activity localized within 36 nucleotides upstream of transcription start site, and a potent silencer between bases 237 and 2537. The D 3 promoter is inactive in C6 and COS7 cells. We conclude that the D 3 gene, similar to the closely related D 2 gene, is transcribed from a tissue speci®c promoter which is under intense negative control.

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Bioamine receptors: Evolutionary and functional variations of a structural leitmotiv

Cited by 6 publications

References 117 publications

Transcription of the rat dopamine‐D2‐receptor gene from two promoters

Transcription of the rat dopamine‐D2‐receptor gene from two promoters

Tracing the Evolution and Function of the Trk Superfamily of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Characterization of the 5′ flanking region of the rat D₃ dopamine receptor gene

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Bioamine receptors: Evolutionary and functional variations of a structural leitmotiv

Cited by 6 publications

References 117 publications

Transcription of the rat dopamine‐D2‐receptor gene from two promoters

Transcription of the rat dopamine‐D2‐receptor gene from two promoters

Tracing the Evolution and Function of the Trk Superfamily of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Characterization of the 5′ flanking region of the rat D3 dopamine receptor gene

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Characterization of the 5′ flanking region of the rat D₃ dopamine receptor gene